This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Hertogs, K.
Right arrow Articles by Pauwels, R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Hertogs, K.
Right arrow Articles by Pauwels, R.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, February 1998, p. 269-276, Vol. 42, No. 2
0066-4804/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

A Rapid Method for Simultaneous Detection of Phenotypic Resistance to Inhibitors of Protease and Reverse Transcriptase in Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates from Patients Treated with Antiretroviral Drugs

Kurt Hertogs,1,* Marie-Pierre de Béthune,2 Veronica Miller,3 Tania Ivens,2 Patricia Schel,1 Anja Van Cauwenberge,1 Christel Van den Eynde,1 Veerle van Gerwen,1 Hilde Azijn,2 Margriet van Houtte,1 Frank Peeters,1 Schlomo Staszewski,3 Marcus Conant,4 Stuart Bloor,5 Sharon Kemp,5 Brendan Larder,5 and Rudi Pauwels1,2

VIRCO, Central Virological Laboratory,1 and TIBOTEC, Institute for Antiviral Research,2 B-2650 Edegem, Belgium; Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang-Göethe Universität, Zentrum der Inneren Medizin, Frankfurt, Germany3; Conant Medical Group, San Francisco, California4; and Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom5

Received 25 July 1997/Returned for modification 29 September 1997/Accepted 25 November 1997

Combination therapy with protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors can efficiently suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, but the emergence of drug-resistant variants correlates strongly with therapeutic failure. Here we describe a new method for high-throughput analysis of clinical samples that permits the simultaneous detection of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) phenotypic resistance to both RT and PR inhibitors by means of recombinant virus assay technology. HIV-1 RNA is extracted from plasma samples, and a 2.2-kb fragment containing the entire HIV-1 PR- and RT-coding sequence is amplified by nested reverse transcription-PCR. The pool of PR-RT-coding sequences is then cotransfected into CD4+ T lymphocytes (MT4) with the pGEMT3Delta PRT plasmid from which most of the PR (codons 10 to 99) and RT (codons 1 to 482) sequences are deleted. Homologous recombination leads to the generation of chimeric viruses containing PR- and RT-coding sequences derived from HIV-1 RNA in plasma. The susceptibilities of the chimeric viruses to all currently available RT and/or PR inhibitors is determined by an MT4 cell-3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide-based cell viability assay in an automated system that allows high sample throughput. The profile of resistance to all RT and PR inhibitors is displayed graphically in a single PR-RT-Antivirogram. This assay system facilitates the rapid large-scale phenotypic resistance determinations for all RT and PR inhibitors in one standardized assay.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: VIRCO NV, Central Virological Laboratory, Intercity Business Park, Generaal de Wittelaan 11B4, B-2800 Mechelen, Belgium. Phone: 32 15 286 340. Fax: 32 15 286 346. E-mail: kurt.hertogs{at}virco.be.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, February 1998, p. 269-276, Vol. 42, No. 2
0066-4804/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Soares, E. A., Santos, A. F., Gonzalez, L. M., Lalonde, M. S., Tebit, D. M., Tanuri, A., Arts, E. J., Soares, M. A. (2009). Mutation T74S in HIV-1 subtype B and C proteases resensitizes them to ritonavir and indinavir and confers fitness advantage. J Antimicrob Chemother 64: 938-944 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Van Marck, H., Dierynck, I., Kraus, G., Hallenberger, S., Pattery, T., Muyldermans, G., Geeraert, L., Borozdina, L., Bonesteel, R., Aston, C., Shaw, E., Chen, Q., Martinez, C., Koka, V., Lee, J., Chi, E., de Bethune, M.-P., Hertogs, K. (2009). The Impact of Individual Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Mutations on Drug Susceptibility Is Highly Influenced by Complex Interactions with the Background Protease Sequence. J. Virol. 83: 9512-9520 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Parry, C. M., Kohli, A., Boinett, C. J., Towers, G. J., McCormick, A. L., Pillay, D. (2009). Gag Determinants of Fitness and Drug Susceptibility in Protease Inhibitor-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 83: 9094-9101 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Covens, K., Dekeersmaeker, N., Schrooten, Y., Weber, J., Schols, D., Quinones-Mateu, M. E., Vandamme, A.-M., Van Laethem, K. (2009). Novel Recombinant Virus Assay for Measuring Susceptibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M Subtypes To Clinically Approved Drugs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 2232-2242 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Varghese, V., Mitsuya, Y., Shahriar, R., Bachmann, M. H., Fessel, W. J., Kagan, R. M., Shafer, R. W. (2009). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates with the Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Mutation Q145M Retain Nucleoside and Nonnucleoside RT Inhibitor Susceptibility. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 2196-2198 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Santos, A. F., Abecasis, A. B., Vandamme, A.-M., Camacho, R. J., Soares, M. A. (2009). Discordant genotypic interpretation and phenotypic role of protease mutations in HIV-1 subtypes B and G. J Antimicrob Chemother 63: 593-599 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fletcher, P., Harman, S., Azijn, H., Armanasco, N., Manlow, P., Perumal, D., de Bethune, M.-P., Nuttall, J., Romano, J., Shattock, R. (2009). Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection by the Candidate Microbicide Dapivirine, a Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 487-495 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gonzalez, L. M. F., Santos, A. F., Abecasis, A. B., Van Laethem, K., Soares, E. A., Deforche, K., Tanuri, A., Camacho, R., Vandamme, A.-M., Soares, M. A. (2008). Impact of HIV-1 protease mutations A71V/T and T74S on M89I/V-mediated protease inhibitor resistance in subtype G isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 61: 1201-1204 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kajiwara, K., Kodama, E., Sakagami, Y., Naito, T., Matsuoka, M. (2008). Dual-Reporter Phenotypic Assay for Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 792-795 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dierynck, I., De Wit, M., Gustin, E., Keuleers, I., Vandersmissen, J., Hallenberger, S., Hertogs, K. (2007). Binding Kinetics of Darunavir to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Explain the Potent Antiviral Activity and High Genetic Barrier. J. Virol. 81: 13845-13851 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Poveda, E., Vispo, E., Pattery, T., de Mendoza, C., Villacian, J., Soriano, V. (2007). Impact of baseline protease genotype and phenotype on the response to darunavir outside clinical trials. J Antimicrob Chemother 60: 1411-1413 [Full Text]  
  • Perez-Bercoff, D., Wurtzer, S., Compain, S., Benech, H., Clavel, F. (2007). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Resistance to Nucleoside Analogues and Replicative Capacity in Primary Human Macrophages. J. Virol. 81: 4540-4550 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chiba-Mizutani, T., Miura, H., Matsuda, M., Matsuda, Z., Yokomaku, Y., Miyauchi, K., Nishizawa, M., Yamamoto, N., Sugiura, W. (2007). Use of New T-Cell-Based Cell Lines Expressing Two Luciferase Reporters for Accurately Evaluating Susceptibility to Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drugs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 477-487 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jochmans, D., Deval, J., Kesteleyn, B., Van Marck, H., Bettens, E., De Baere, I., Dehertogh, P., Ivens, T., Van Ginderen, M., Van Schoubroeck, B., Ehteshami, M., Wigerinck, P., Gotte, M., Hertogs, K. (2006). Indolopyridones Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase with a Novel Mechanism of Action. J. Virol. 80: 12283-12292 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gonzalez, L. M. F., Aguiar, R. S., Afonso, A., Brindeiro, P. A., Arruda, M. B., Soares, M. A., Brindeiro, R. M., Tanuri, A. (2006). Biological characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C protease carrying indinavir drug-resistance mutations.. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 1303-1309 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gu, Z., Allard, B., de Muys, J. M., Lippens, J., Rando, R. F., Nguyen-Ba, N., Ren, C., McKenna, P., Taylor, D. L., Bethell, R. C. (2006). In Vitro Antiretroviral Activity and In Vitro Toxicity Profile of SPD754, a New Deoxycytidine Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor for Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 625-631 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nissley, D. V., Halvas, E. K., Hoppman, N. L., Garfinkel, D. J., Mellors, J. W., Strathern, J. N. (2005). Sensitive Phenotypic Detection of Minor Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Variants. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 5696-5704 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vingerhoets, J., Azijn, H., Fransen, E., De Baere, I., Smeulders, L., Jochmans, D., Andries, K., Pauwels, R., de Bethune, M.-P. (2005). TMC125 Displays a High Genetic Barrier to the Development of Resistance: Evidence from In Vitro Selection Experiments. J. Virol. 79: 12773-12782 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • De Meyer, S., Azijn, H., Surleraux, D., Jochmans, D., Tahri, A., Pauwels, R., Wigerinck, P., de Bethune, M.-P. (2005). TMC114, a Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor Active against Protease Inhibitor-Resistant Viruses, Including a Broad Range of Clinical Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 2314-2321 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shafer, R. W., Schapiro, J. M. (2005). Drug resistance and antiretroviral drug development. J Antimicrob Chemother 55: 817-820 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mo, H., King, M. S., King, K., Molla, A., Brun, S., Kempf, D. J. (2005). Selection of Resistance in Protease Inhibitor-Experienced, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Subjects Failing Lopinavir- and Ritonavir-Based Therapy: Mutation Patterns and Baseline Correlates. J. Virol. 79: 3329-3338 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Andries, K., Azijn, H., Thielemans, T., Ludovici, D., Kukla, M., Heeres, J., Janssen, P., De Corte, B., Vingerhoets, J., Pauwels, R., de Bethune, M.-P. (2004). TMC125, a Novel Next-Generation Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Active against Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 4680-4686 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Stein, D. S., Lou, Y., Johnson, M., Randall, S., Blanche, S., for the Prob2004 Study Team, (2004). Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Amprenavir-Containing Combination Therapy in HIV-1-Infected Children. J Clin Pharmacol 44: 1301-1308 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gonzalez, L. M. F., Brindeiro, R. M., Aguiar, R. S., Pereira, H. S., Abreu, C. M., Soares, M. A., Tanuri, A. (2004). Impact of Nelfinavir Resistance Mutations on In Vitro Phenotype, Fitness, and Replication Capacity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with Subtype B and C Proteases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 3552-3555 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mo, H., Lu, L., Pithawalla, R., Kempf, D. J., Molla, A. (2004). Complementation in Cells Cotransfected with a Mixture of Wild-Type and Mutant Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Influences the Replication Capacities and Phenotypes of Mutant Variants in a Single-Cycle HIV Resistance Assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 4169-4174 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garcia-Lerma, J. G., MacInnes, H., Bennett, D., Weinstock, H., Heneine, W. (2004). Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Carrying the D67N or K219Q/E Mutation Evolves Rapidly to Zidovudine Resistance In Vitro and Shows a High Replicative Fitness in the Presence of Zidovudine. J. Virol. 78: 7545-7552 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wang, K., Samudrala, R., Mittler, J., Qari, S., Heneine, W., Hellmann, N., Bacheler, L. (2004). Weak Agreement between Antivirogram and PhenoSense Assays in Predicting Reduced Susceptibility to Antiretroviral Drugs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 2353-2354 [Full Text]  
  • Paolucci, S., Baldanti, F., Zavattoni, M., Gerna, G. (2004). Novel recombinant phenotypic assay for clonal analysis of reverse transcriptase mutations conferring drug resistance to HIV-1 variants. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 766-771 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhang, H., Zhou, Y., Alcock, C., Kiefer, T., Monie, D., Siliciano, J., Li, Q., Pham, P., Cofrancesco, J., Persaud, D., Siliciano, R. F. (2004). Novel Single-Cell-Level Phenotypic Assay for Residual Drug Susceptibility and Reduced Replication Capacity of Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 78: 1718-1729 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zazzi, M., Romano, L., Venturi, G., Shafer, R. W., Reid, C., Dal Bello, F., Parolin, C., Palu, G., Valensin, P. E. (2004). Comparative evaluation of three computerized algorithms for prediction of antiretroviral susceptibility from HIV type 1 genotype. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 356-360 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gonzalez, L. M. F., Brindeiro, R. M., Tarin, M., Calazans, A., Soares, M. A., Cassol, S., Tanuri, A. (2003). In Vitro Hypersusceptibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Protease to Lopinavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 2817-2822 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Weber, J., Rangel, H. R., Chakraborty, B., Tadele, M., Martinez, M. A., Martinez-Picado, J., Marotta, M. L., Mirza, M., Ruiz, L., Clotet, B., Wrin, T., Petropoulos, C. J., Quinones-Mateu, M. E. (2003). A novel TaqMan real-time PCR assay to estimate ex vivo human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fitness in the era of multi-target (pol and env) antiretroviral therapy. J. Gen. Virol. 84: 2217-2228 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Martinez-Picado, J., Negredo, E., Ruiz, L., Shintani, A., Fumaz, C. R., Zala, C., Domingo, P., Vilaro, J., Llibre, J. M., Viciana, P., Hertogs, K., Boucher, C., D'Aquila, R. T., Clotet, B., the SWATCH Study Team*, (2003). Alternation of Antiretroviral Drug Regimens for HIV Infection: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. ANN INTERN MED 139: 81-89 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garcia-Lerma, J. G., MacInnes, H., Bennett, D., Reid, P., Nidtha, S., Weinstock, H., Kaplan, J. E., Heneine, W. (2003). A Novel Genetic Pathway of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistance to Stavudine Mediated by the K65R Mutation. J. Virol. 77: 5685-5693 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Colonno, R. J., Thiry, A., Limoli, K., Parkin, N. (2003). Activities of Atazanavir (BMS-232632) against a Large Panel of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clinical Isolates Resistant to One or More Approved Protease Inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 1324-1333 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sturmer, M., Staszewski, S., Doerr, H.-W., Larder, B., Bloor, S., Hertogs, K. (2003). Correlation of Phenotypic Zidovudine Resistance with Mutational Patterns in the Reverse Transcriptase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Interpretation of Established Mutations and Characterization of New Polymorphisms at Codons 208, 211, and 214. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 54-61 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rhee, S.-Y., Gonzales, M. J., Kantor, R., Betts, B. J., Ravela, J., Shafer, R. W. (2003). Human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and protease sequence database. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 298-303 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shulman, N., Zolopa, A., Havlir, D., Hsu, A., Renz, C., Boller, S., Jiang, P., Rode, R., Gallant, J., Race, E., Kempf, D. J., Sun, E. (2002). Virtual Inhibitory Quotient Predicts Response to Ritonavir Boosting of Indinavir-Based Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Ongoing Viremia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 3907-3916 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fikkert, V., Cherepanov, P., Van Laethem, K., Hantson, A., Van Remoortel, B., Pannecouque, C., De Clercq, E., Debyser, Z., Vandamme, A.-M., Witvrouw, M. (2002). env Chimeric Virus Technology for Evaluating Human Immunodeficiency Virus Susceptibility to Entry Inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 3954-3962 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Brindeiro, P. A., Brindeiro, R. M., Mortensen, C., Hertogs, K., De Vroey, V., Rubini, N. P. M., Sion, F. S., De Sa, C. A. M., Machado, D. M., Succi, R. C. M., Tanuri, A. (2002). Testing Genotypic and Phenotypic Resistance in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates of Clade B and Other Clades from Children Failing Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 4512-4519 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garcia-Lerma, J. G., Heneine, W. (2002). Rapid biochemical assays for phenotypic drug resistance testing of HIV-1. J Antimicrob Chemother 50: 771-774 [Full Text]  
  • Aslanzadeh, J. (2002). HIV Resistance Testing: an Update. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science 32: 406-413 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dumans, A. T., Soares, M. A., Pieniazek, D., Kalish, M. L., De Vroey, V., Hertogs, K., Tanuri, A. (2002). Prevalence of Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Drug Resistance Mutations over Time in Drug-Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Positive Individuals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 3075-3079 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ruff, C. T., Ray, S. C., Kwon, P., Zinn, R., Pendleton, A., Hutton, N., Ashworth, R., Gange, S., Quinn, T. C., Siliciano, R. F., Persaud, D. (2002). Persistence of Wild-Type Virus and Lack of Temporal Structure in the Latent Reservoir for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Pediatric Patients with Extensive Antiretroviral Exposure. J. Virol. 76: 9481-9492 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Naeger, L. K., Margot, N. A., Miller, M. D. (2002). ATP-Dependent Removal of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 2179-2184 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Beerenwinkel, N., Schmidt, B., Walter, H., Kaiser, R., Lengauer, T., Hoffmann, D., Korn, K., Selbig, J. (2002). Diversity and complexity of HIV-1 drug resistance: A bioinformatics approach to predicting phenotype from genotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 8271-8276 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Harrigan, P. R., Salim, M., Stammers, D. K., Wynhoven, B., Brumme, Z. L., McKenna, P., Larder, B., Kemp, S. D. (2002). A Mutation in the 3' Region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase (Y318F) Associated with Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance. J. Virol. 76: 6836-6840 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Schinazi, R. F., Mellors, J., Bazmi, H., Diamond, S., Garber, S., Gallagher, K., Geleziunas, R., Klabe, R., Pierce, M., Rayner, M., Wu, J.-T., Zhang, H., Hammond, J., Bacheler, L., Manion, D. J., Otto, M. J., Stuyver, L., Trainor, G., Liotta, D. C., Erickson-Viitanen, S. (2002). DPC 817: a Cytidine Nucleoside Analog with Activity against Zidovudine- and Lamivudine-Resistant Viral Variants. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 1394-1401 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shafer, R. W. (2002). Genotypic Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug Resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15: 247-277 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Harrigan, P. R., Miller, M. D., McKenna, P., Brumme, Z. L., Larder, B. A. (2002). Phenotypic Susceptibilities to Tenofovir in a Large Panel of Clinically Derived Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 1067-1072 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Maguire, M., Shortino, D., Klein, A., Harris, W., Manohitharajah, V., Tisdale, M., Elston, R., Yeo, J., Randall, S., Xu, F., Parker, H., May, J., Snowden, W. (2002). Emergence of Resistance to Protease Inhibitor Amprenavir in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients: Selection of Four Alternative Viral Protease Genotypes and Influence of Viral Susceptibility to Coadministered Reverse Transcriptase Nucleoside Inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 731-738 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sale, M., Sadler, B. M., Stein, D. S. (2002). Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Simulations of Interaction of Amprenavir and Ritonavir. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 746-754 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Harrigan, P. R., Larder, B. A. (2002). Extent of Cross-Resistance between Agents Used To Treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection in Clinically Derived Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 909-912 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sarmati, L., Nicastri, E., Parisi, S. G., d'Ettorre, G., Mancino, G., Narciso, P., Vullo, V., Andreoni, M. (2002). Discordance between Genotypic and Phenotypic Drug Resistance Profiles in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains Isolated from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 335-340 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Walter, H., Schmidt, B., Werwein, M., Schwingel, E., Korn, K. (2002). Prediction of Abacavir Resistance from Genotypic Data: Impact of Zidovudine and Lamivudine Resistance In Vitro and In Vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 89-94 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Qari, S. H., Respess, R., Weinstock, H., Beltrami, E. M., Hertogs, K., Larder, B. A., Petropoulos, C. J., Hellmann, N., Heneine, W. (2002). Comparative Analysis of Two Commercial Phenotypic Assays for Drug Susceptibility Testing of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 31-35 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Plettenberg, A., Albrecht, D., Lorenzen, T., Paech, V., Petersen, H., Fenner, T., Meyer, T., Arndt, R., Hertogs, K., Pauwels, R., Weitzel, T., Stoehr, A. (2001). Resistance analyses in HIV infected patients with a history of multiple antiretroviral treatment regimens. Sex. Transm. Infect. 77: 449-452 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dybul, M., Chun, T.-W., Yoder, C., Hidalgo, B., Belson, M., Hertogs, K., Larder, B., Dewar, R. L., Fox, C. H., Hallahan, C. W., Justement, J. S., Migueles, S. A., Metcalf, J. A., Davey, R. T., Daucher, M., Pandya, P., Baseler, M., Ward, D. J., Fauci, A. S. (2001). Short-cycle structured intermittent treatment of chronic HIV infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy: Effects on virologic, immunologic, and toxicity parameters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073/pnas.261568398v1 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kaltenbach, R. F. III, Trainor, G., Getman, D., Harris, G., Garber, S., Cordova, B., Bacheler, L., Jeffrey, S., Logue, K., Cawood, P., Klabe, R., Diamond, S., Davies, M., Saye, J., Jona, J., Erickson-Viitanen, S. (2001). DPC 681 and DPC 684: Potent, Selective Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Active against Clinically Relevant Mutant Variants. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 3021-3028 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garcia-Lerma, J. G., Nidtha, S., Blumoff, K., Weinstock, H., Heneine, W. (2001). Increased ability for selection of zidovudine resistance in a distinct class of wild-type HIV-1 from drug-naive persons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073/pnas.241300698v1 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Peters, S., Munoz, M., Yerly, S., Sanchez-Merino, V., Lopez-Galindez, C., Perrin, L., Larder, B., Cmarko, D., Fakan, S., Meylan, P., Telenti, A. (2001). Resistance to Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Mediated by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p6 Protein. J. Virol. 75: 9644-9653 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kempf, D. J., Isaacson, J. D., King, M. S., Brun, S. C., Xu, Y., Real, K., Bernstein, B. M., Japour, A. J., Sun, E., Rode, R. A. (2001). Identification of Genotypic Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease That Correlate with Reduced Susceptibility to the Protease Inhibitor Lopinavir among Viral Isolates from Protease Inhibitor-Experienced Patients. J. Virol. 75: 7462-7469 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lennerstrand, J., Hertogs, K., Stammers, D. K., Larder, B. A. (2001). Correlation between Viral Resistance to Zidovudine and Resistance at the Reverse Transcriptase Level for a Panel of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutants. J. Virol. 75: 7202-7205 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lennerstrand, J., Stammers, D. K., Larder, B. A. (2001). Biochemical Mechanism of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Resistance to Stavudine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 2144-2146 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bacheler, L., Jeffrey, S., Hanna, G., D'Aquila, R., Wallace, L., Logue, K., Cordova, B., Hertogs, K., Larder, B., Buckery, R., Baker, D., Gallagher, K., Scarnati, H., Tritch, R., Rizzo, C. (2001). Genotypic Correlates of Phenotypic Resistance to Efavirenz in Virus Isolates from Patients Failing Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy. J. Virol. 75: 4999-5008 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shafer, R. W., Hertogs, K., Zolopa, A. R., Warford, A., Bloor, S., Betts, B. J., Merigan, T. C., Harrigan, R., Larder, B. A. (2001). High Degree of Interlaboratory Reproducibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing of Plasma Samples from Heavily Treated Patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 1522-1529 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hachiya, A., Aizawa-Matsuoka, S., Tanaka, M., Takahashi, Y., Ida, S., Gatanaga, H., Hirabayashi, Y., Kojima, A., Tatsumi, M., Oka, S. (2001). Rapid and Simple Phenotypic Assay for Drug Susceptibility of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Using CCR5-Expressing HeLa/CD4+ Cell Clone 1-10 (MAGIC-5). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 495-501 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Côté, H. C. F., Brumme, Z. L., Harrigan, P. R. (2001). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Cleavage Site Mutations Associated with Protease Inhibitor Cross-Resistance Selected by Indinavir, Ritonavir, and/or Saquinavir. J. Virol. 75: 589-594 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • de Ronde, A., van Dooren, M., van der Hoek, L., Bouwhuis, D., de Rooij, E., van Gemen, B., de Boer, R., Goudsmit, J. (2001). Establishment of New Transmissible and Drug-Sensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Wild Types due to Transmission of Nucleoside Analogue-Resistant Virus. J. Virol. 75: 595-602 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Meyer, P. R., Matsuura, S. E., Schinazi, R. F., So, A. G., Scott, W. A. (2000). Differential Removal of Thymidine Nucleotide Analogues from Blocked DNA Chains by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase in the Presence of Physiological Concentrations of 2'-Deoxynucleoside Triphosphates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 3465-3472 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • García-Lerma, J. G., Gerrish, P. J., Wright, A. C., Qari, S. H., Heneine, W. (2000). Evidence of a Role for the Q151L Mutation and the Viral Background in Development of Multiple Dideoxynucleoside-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol. 74: 9339-9346 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mammano, F., Trouplin, V., Zennou, V., Clavel, F. (2000). Retracing the Evolutionary Pathways of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistance to Protease Inhibitors: Virus Fitness in the Absence and in the Presence of Drug. J. Virol. 74: 8524-8531 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Clementi, M. (2000). Quantitative Molecular Analysis of Virus Expression and Replication. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 2030-2036 [Full Text]  
  • Martínez, M.-A., Cabana, M., Parera, M., Gutierrez, A., Esté, J. A., Clotet, B. (2000). A Bacteriophage Lambda-Based Genetic Screen for Characterization of the Activity and Phenotype of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 1132-1139 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Petropoulos, C. J., Parkin, N. T., Limoli, K. L., Lie, Y. S., Wrin, T., Huang, W., Tian, H., Smith, D., Winslow, G. A., Capon, D. J., Whitcomb, J. M. (2000). A Novel Phenotypic Drug Susceptibility Assay for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 920-928 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Helbert, M., Breuer, J. (2000). Monitoring patients with HIV disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 53: 266-272 [Full Text]  
  • Hertogs, K., Bloor, S., De Vroey, V., van den Eynde, C., Dehertogh, P., van Cauwenberge, A., Stürmer, M., Alcorn, T., Wegner, S., van Houtte, M., Miller, V., Larder, B. A. (2000). A Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Mutational Pattern Confers Phenotypic Lamivudine Resistance in the Absence of Mutation 184V. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 568-573 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zolopa, A. R., Shafer, R. W., Warford, A., Montoya, J. G., Hsu, P., Katzenstein, D., Merigan, T. C., Efron, B. (1999). HIV-1 Genotypic Resistance Patterns Predict Response to saquinavir-ritonavir Therapy in Patients in Whom Previous Protease Inhibitor Therapy Had Failed. ANN INTERN MED 131: 813-821 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Boden, D., Hurley, A., Zhang, L., Cao, Y., Guo, Y., Jones, E., Tsay, J., Ip, J., Farthing, C., Limoli, K., Parkin, N., Markowitz, M. (1999). HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Newly Infected Individuals. JAMA 282: 1135-1141 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Martinez-Picado, J., Sutton, L., De Pasquale, M. P., Savara, A. V., D'Aquila, R. T. (1999). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cloning Vectors for Antiretroviral Resistance Testing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 2943-2951 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Larder, B. A., Bloor, S., Kemp, S. D., Hertogs, K., Desmet, R. L., Miller, V., Sturmer, M., Staszewski, S., Ren, J., Stammers, D. K., Stuart, D. I., Pauwels, R. (1999). A Family of Insertion Mutations between Codons 67 and 70 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Confer Multinucleoside Analog Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 1961-1967 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • García Lerma, J. G., Schinazi, R. F., Juodawlkis, A. S., Soriano, V., Lin, Y., Tatti, K., Rimland, D., Folks, T. M., Heneine, W. (1999). A Rapid Non-Culture-Based Assay for Clinical Monitoring of Phenotypic Resistance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 to Lamivudine (3TC). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 264-270 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Miller, V., de Béthune, M.-P., Kober, A., Stürmer, M., Hertogs, K., Pauwels, R., Stoffels, P., Staszewski, S. (1998). Patterns of Resistance and Cross-Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Patients Treated with the Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Loviride. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 3123-3129 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Boden, D., Markowitz, M. (1998). Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2775-2783 [Full Text]  
  • (1998). HIV-1 Drug Resistance Assays in Clinical Management. AIDS Clin Care 1998: 1-1 [Full Text]  
  • Hirsch, M. S., Conway, B., D'Aquila, R. T., Johnson, V. A., Brun-Vezinet, F., Clotet, B., Demeter, L. M., Hammer, S. M., Jacobsen, D. M., Kuritzkes, D. R., Loveday, C., Mellors, J. W., Vella, S., Richman, D. D., for the International AIDS Society-USA Panel, (1998). Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Testing in Adults With HIV Infection: Implications for Clinical Management. JAMA 279: 1984-1991 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Perrin, L., Telenti, A. (1998). HIV Treatment Failure: Testing for HIV Resistance in Clinical Practice. Science 280: 1871-1873 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garcia-Lerma, J. G., Nidtha, S., Blumoff, K., Weinstock, H., Heneine, W. (2001). From the Cover: Increased ability for selection of zidovudine resistance in a distinct class of wild-type HIV-1 from drug-naive persons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 13907-13912 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dybul, M., Chun, T.-W., Yoder, C., Hidalgo, B., Belson, M., Hertogs, K., Larder, B., Dewar, R. L., Fox, C. H., Hallahan, C. W., Justement, J. S., Migueles, S. A., Metcalf, J. A., Davey, R. T., Daucher, M., Pandya, P., Baseler, M., Ward, D. J., Fauci, A. S. (2001). Short-cycle structured intermittent treatment of chronic HIV infection with highly active antiretroviral therapy: Effects on virologic, immunologic, and toxicity parameters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 15161-15166 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»