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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, December 1999, p. 2969-2974, Vol. 43, No. 12
0066-4804/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Gatifloxacin Activity against Quinolone-Resistant Gyrase: Allele-Specific Enhancement of Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal Activities by the C-8-Methoxy Group

Tao Lu, Xilin Zhao, and Karl Drlica*

Public Health Research Institute, New York, New York 10016

Received 19 July 1999/Returned for modification 25 August 1999/Accepted 29 September 1999

Antibacterial activities of gatifloxacin (AM1155), a new C-8-methoxy fluoroquinolone, and two structurally related compounds, AM1121 and ciprofloxacin, were studied with an isogenic set of ten quinolone-resistant, gyrA (gyrase) mutants of Escherichia coli. To compare the effect of each mutation on resistance, the mutant responses were normalized to those of wild-type cells. Alleles exhibiting the most resistance to growth inhibition mapped in alpha -helix 4, which is thought to lie on a GyrA dimer surface that interacts with DNA. The C-8-methoxy group lowered the resistance due to these mutations more than it lowered resistance arising from several gyrA alleles located outside alpha -helix 4. These data are consistent with alpha -helix 4 being a distinct portion of the quinolone-binding site of GyrA. A helix change to proline behaved more like nonhelix alleles, indicating that helix perturbation differs from the other changes at helix residues. Addition of a parC (topoisomerase IV) resistance allele revealed that the C-8-methoxy group also facilitated attack of topoisomerase IV. When lethal effects were measured at a constant multiple of the minimum inhibitory concentration for each fluoroquinolone to normalize for differences in bacteriostatic action, gatifloxacin was more potent than the C-8-H compounds, both in the presence and absence of protein synthesis (an exception was observed when alanine was substituted for aspartic acid at position 82). Collectively, these data show that the C-8-methoxy group contributes to the enhanced activity of gatifloxacin against resistant gyrase and wild-type topoisomerase IV.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Public Health Research Institute, 455 First Ave., New York, NY 10016. Phone: (212) 578-0830. Fax: (212) 578-0804. E-mail: drlica{at}phri.nyu.edu.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, December 1999, p. 2969-2974, Vol. 43, No. 12
0066-4804/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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