This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Tait-Kamradt, A.
Right arrow Articles by Sutcliffe, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Tait-Kamradt, A.
Right arrow Articles by Sutcliffe, J.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, August 2000, p. 2118-2125, Vol. 44, No. 8
0066-4804/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Mutations in 23S rRNA and Ribosomal Protein L4 Account for Resistance in Pneumococcal Strains Selected In Vitro by Macrolide Passage

A. Tait-Kamradt,1 T. Davies,2 M. Cronan,3 M. R. Jacobs,4 P. C. Appelbaum,2 and J. Sutcliffe1,*

Department of Infectious Diseases1 and Department of Genomic and Proteomic Sciences,3 Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut; Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania;2 and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio4

Received 7 March 2000/Returned for modification 11 April 2000/Accepted 3 May 2000

The mechanisms responsible for macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants, selected from susceptible strains by serial passage in azithromycin, were investigated. These mutants were resistant to 14- and 15-membered macrolides, but resistance could not be explained by any clinically relevant resistance determinant [mef(A), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(TR), msr(A), mph(A), mph(B), mph(C), ere(A), ere(B)]. An investigation into the sequences of 23S rRNAs in the mutant and parental strains revealed individual changes of C2611A, C2611G, A2058G, and A2059G (Escherichia coli numbering) in four mutants. Mutations at these residues in domain V of 23S rRNA have been noted to confer erythromycin resistance in other species. Not all four 23S rRNA alleles have to contain the mutation to confer resistance. Some of the mutations also confer coresistance to streptogramin B (C2611A, C2611G, and A2058G), 16-membered macrolides (all changes), and clindamycin (A2058G and A2059G). Interestingly, none of these mutations confer high-level resistance to telithromycin (HMR-3647). Further, two of the mutants which had no changes in their 23S rRNA sequences had changes in a highly conserved stretch of amino acids (63KPWRQKGTGRAR74) in ribosomal protein L4. One mutant contained a single amino acid change (G69C), while the other mutant had a 6-base insert, resulting in two amino acids (S and Q) being inserted between amino acids Q67 and K68. To our knowledge, this is the first description of mutations in 23S rRNA genes or ribosomal proteins in macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae strains.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Pfizer Central Research, Department of Infectious Diseases---RAIIID, Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340. Phone: (860) 441-4693. Fax: (860) 441-6159. E-mail: joyce_a_sutcliffe{at}groton.pfizer.com.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, August 2000, p. 2118-2125, Vol. 44, No. 8
0066-4804/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Beeton, M. L., Chalker, V. J., Maxwell, N. C., Kotecha, S., Spiller, O. B. (2009). Concurrent Titration and Determination of Antibiotic Resistance in Ureaplasma Species with Identification of Novel Point Mutations in Genes Associated with Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 2020-2027 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wolff, B. J., Thacker, W. L., Schwartz, S. B., Winchell, J. M. (2008). Detection of Macrolide Resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae by Real-Time PCR and High-Resolution Melt Analysis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 3542-3549 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kastrin, T., Gubina, M., Paragi, M., Kolman, J., Cizman, M., Kraigher, A., Ribic, H., Sadowy, E., Hryniewicz, W. (2008). Macrolide resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Slovenia. J Antimicrob Chemother 62: 628-629 [Full Text]  
  • Rimbara, E., Noguchi, N., Kawai, T., Sasatsu, M. (2008). Novel Mutation in 23S rRNA That Confers Low-Level Resistance to Clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 3465-3466 [Full Text]  
  • Richter, S. S., Heilmann, K. P., Dohrn, C. L., Beekmann, S. E., Riahi, F., Garcia-de-Lomas, J., Ferech, M., Goossens, H., Doern, G. V. (2008). Increasing telithromycin resistance among Streptococcus pyogenes in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother 61: 603-611 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wolter, N., Smith, A. M., Farrell, D. J., Northwood, J. B., Douthwaite, S., Klugman, K. P. (2008). Telithromycin Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae Is Conferred by a Deletion in the Leader Sequence of erm(B) That Increases rRNA Methylation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 435-440 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Camilli, R., Del Grosso, M., Iannelli, F., Pantosti, A. (2008). New Genetic Element Carrying the Erythromycin Resistance Determinant erm(TR) in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 619-625 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Smith-Vaughan, H. C., Marsh, R. L., Morris, P. S., Leach, A. J. (2007). In Vivo Emergence of High-Level Macrolide Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae following a Single Dose of Azithromycin. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 4090-4091 [Full Text]  
  • Wierzbowski, A. K., Nichol, K., Laing, N., Hisanaga, T., Nikulin, A., Karlowsky, J. A., Hoban, D. J., Zhanel, G. G. (2007). Macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated over 6 years of Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study (CROSS) (1998 2004). J Antimicrob Chemother 60: 733-740 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • van der Linden, M., Al-Lahham, A., Haupts, S., Reinert, R. R. (2007). Clonal Spread of mef-Positive Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates Causing Invasive Disease in Adults in Germany. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 1830-1834 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tristram, S., Jacobs, M. R., Appelbaum, P. C. (2007). Antimicrobial Resistance in Haemophilus influenzae. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20: 368-389 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wolter, N., Smith, A. M., Low, D. E., Klugman, K. P. (2007). High-Level Telithromycin Resistance in a Clinical Isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 1092-1095 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sidhu, A. B. S., Sun, Q., Nkrumah, L. J., Dunne, M. W., Sacchettini, J. C., Fidock, D. A. (2007). In Vitro Efficacy, Resistance Selection, and Structural Modeling Studies Implicate the Malarial Parasite Apicoplast as the Target of Azithromycin. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 2494-2504 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Novotna, G., Janata, J. (2006). A New Evolutionary Variant of the Streptogramin A Resistance Protein, Vga(A)LC, from Staphylococcus haemolyticus with Shifted Substrate Specificity towards Lincosamides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 4070-4076 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Al-Lahham, A., Appelbaum, P. C., van der Linden, M., Reinert, R. R. (2006). Telithromycin-Nonsusceptible Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Europe. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 3897-3900 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Berisio, R., Corti, N., Pfister, P., Yonath, A., Bottger, E. C. (2006). 23S rRNA 2058A->G Alteration Mediates Ketolide Resistance in Combination with Deletion in L22. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 3816-3823 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Biswas, S., Raoult, D., Rolain, J.-M. (2006). Molecular Characterization of Resistance to Macrolides in Bartonella henselae.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 3192-3193 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kobayashi, I., Saika, T., Muraoka, H., Murakami, K., Fujioka, T. (2006). Helicobacter pylori isolated from patients who later failed H. pylori eradication triple therapy readily develop resistance to clarithromycin. J Med Microbiol 55: 737-740 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rantala, M., Haanpera-Heikkinen, M., Lindgren, M., Seppala, H., Huovinen, P., Jalava, J., the Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistan, (2006). Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates Resistant to Telithromycin.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 1855-1858 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Littauer, P., Caugant, D. A., Sangvik, M., Hoiby, E. A., Sundsfjord, A., Simonsen, G. S., the Norwegian Macrolide Study Group, (2006). Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes in Norway: Population Structure and Resistance Determinants.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 1896-1899 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wolter, N., Smith, A. M., Farrell, D. J., Klugman, K. P. (2006). Heterogeneous Macrolide Resistance and Gene Conversion in the Pneumococcus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 359-361 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dogan, B., Schukken, Y. H., Santisteban, C., Boor, K. J. (2005). Distribution of Serotypes and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes among Streptococcus agalactiae Isolates from Bovine and Human Hosts. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 5899-5906 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rantala, M., Huikko, S., Huovinen, P., Jalava, J., the Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistan, (2005). Prevalence and Molecular Genetics of Macrolide Resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates Collected in Finland in 2002. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 4180-4184 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R., van der Linden, M., Al-Lahham, A. (2005). Molecular Characterization of the First Telithromycin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolate in Germany. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 3520-3522 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wolter, N., Smith, A. M., Farrell, D. J., Schaffner, W., Moore, M., Whitney, C. G., Jorgensen, J. H., Klugman, K. P. (2005). Novel Mechanism of Resistance to Oxazolidinones, Macrolides, and Chloramphenicol in Ribosomal Protein L4 of the Pneumococcus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 3554-3557 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R., Reinert, S., van der Linden, M., Cil, M. Y., Al-Lahham, A., Appelbaum, P. (2005). Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Eight European Countries from 2001 to 2003. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 2903-2913 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R., Al-Lahham, A. (2005). Time-Kill Study of the Activity of Telithromycin against Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates with 23S rRNA Mutations and Changes in Ribosomal Proteins L4 and L22. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 3011-3013 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Davies, T. A., Bush, K., Sahm, D., Evangelista, A. (2005). Predominance of 23S rRNA Mutants among Non-Erm, Non-Mef Macrolide-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae Collected in the United States in 1999-2000. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 3031-3033 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Littauer, P., Sangvik, M., Caugant, D. A., Hoiby, E. A., Simonsen, G. S., Sundsfjord, A., the Norwegian Macrolide Study Group, (2005). Molecular Epidemiology of Macrolide-Resistant Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae Collected from Blood and Respiratory Specimens in Norway. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 2125-2132 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pfister, P., Corti, N., Hobbie, S., Bruell, C., Zarivach, R., Yonath, A., Bottger, E. C. (2005). 23S rRNA base pair 2057-2611 determines ketolide susceptibility and fitness cost of the macrolide resistance mutation 2058A->G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 5180-5185 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R., Ringelstein, A., van der Linden, M., Cil, M. Y., Al-Lahham, A., Schmitz, F.-J. (2005). Molecular Epidemiology of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in Europe. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 1294-1300 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Monaco, M., Camilli, R., D'Ambrosio, F., Del Grosso, M., Pantosti, A. (2005). Evolution of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Italy. J Antimicrob Chemother 55: 256-259 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Haanpera, M., Huovinen, P., Jalava, J. (2005). Detection and Quantification of Macrolide Resistance Mutations at Positions 2058 and 2059 of the 23S rRNA Gene by Pyrosequencing. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 457-460 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Okitsu, N., Kaieda, S., Yano, H., Nakano, R., Hosaka, Y., Okamoto, R., Kobayashi, T., Inoue, M. (2005). Characterization of ermB Gene Transposition by Tn1545 and Tn917 in Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 168-173 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Riska, P. F., Kutlin, A., Ajiboye, P., Cua, A., Roblin, P. M., Hammerschlag, M. R. (2004). Genetic and Culture-Based Approaches for Detecting Macrolide Resistance in Chlamydia pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 3586-3590 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Farrell, D. J., Morrissey, I., Bakker, S., Buckridge, S., Felmingham, D. (2004). In Vitro Activities of Telithromycin, Linezolid, and Quinupristin-Dalfopristin against Streptococcus pneumoniae with Macrolide Resistance Due to Ribosomal Mutations. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 3169-3171 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Drago, L., De Vecchi, E., Nicola, L., Colombo, A., Gismondo, M. R. (2004). Selection of resistance of telithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and streptococci in comparison with macrolides. J Antimicrob Chemother 54: 542-545 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R. (2004). Clinical efficacy of ketolides in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 918-927 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Misyurina, O. Y., Chipitsyna, E. V., Finashutina, Y. P., Lazarev, V. N., Akopian, T. A., Savicheva, A. M., Govorun, V. M. (2004). Mutations in a 23S rRNA Gene of Chlamydia trachomatis Associated with Resistance to Macrolides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 1347-1349 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R., Lutticken, R., Sutcliffe, J. A., Tait-Kamradt, A., Cil, M. Y., Schorn, H. M., Bryskier, A., Al-Lahham, A. (2004). Clonal Relatedness of Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes Isolates in Germany. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 1369-1373 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pereyre, S., Guyot, C., Renaudin, H., Charron, A., Bebear, C., Bebear, C. M. (2004). In Vitro Selection and Characterization of Resistance to Macrolides and Related Antibiotics in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 460-465 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Canu, A., Abbas, A., Malbruny, B., Sichel, F., Leclercq, R. (2004). Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Detection of Ribosomal Mutations Conferring Macrolide Resistance in Gram-Positive Cocci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 297-304 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Waites, K. B., Jones, K. E., Kim, K. H., Moser, S. A., Johnson, C. N., Hollingshead, S. K., Kang, E.-S., Hong, K. S., Benjamin, W. H. Jr. (2003). Dissemination of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates Containing Both erm(B) and mef(A) in South Korea. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 5787-5791 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Arrieta, A., Arguedas, A., Fernandez, P., Block, S. L., Emperanza, P., Vargas, S. L., Erhardt, W. A., de Caprariis, P. J., Rothermel, C. D. (2003). High-Dose Azithromycin versus High-Dose Amoxicillin-Clavulanate for Treatment of Children with Recurrent or Persistent Acute Otitis Media. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 3179-3186 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Walsh, F., Willcock, J., Amyes, S. (2003). High-level telithromycin resistance in laboratory-generated mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 52: 345-353 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Clark, J. P., Langston, E. (2003). Ketolides: A New Class of Antibacterial Agents for Treatment of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infections in a Primary Care Setting. Mayo Clin Proc. 78: 1113-1124 [Abstract]  
  • Dunne, M. W., Khurana, C., Mohs, A. A., Rodriguez, A., Arrieta, A., McLinn, S., Krogstad, J. A., Blatter, M., Schwartz, R., Vargas, S. L., Emparanza, P., Fernandez, P., Gooch, W. M. III, Aspin, M., Podgore, J., Roine, I., Blumer, J. L., Ehrlich, G. D., Chow, J. (2003). Efficacy of Single-Dose Azithromycin in Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in Children after a Baseline Tympanocentesis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 2663-2665 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R., Wild, A., Appelbaum, P., Lutticken, R., Cil, M. Y., Al-Lahham, A. (2003). Ribosomal Mutations Conferring Resistance to Macrolides in Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Strains Isolated in Germany. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 2319-2322 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Farrell, D. J., Douthwaite, S., Morrissey, I., Bakker, S., Poehlsgaard, J., Jakobsen, L., Felmingham, D. (2003). Macrolide Resistance by Ribosomal Mutation in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT 1999-2000 Study. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 1777-1783 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pihlajamaki, M., Jalava, J., Huovinen, P., Kotilainen, P. (2003). Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive Pneumococci in Finland in 1999-2000. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 1832-1835 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Peric, M., Bozdogan, B., Jacobs, M. R., Appelbaum, P. C. (2003). Effects of an Efflux Mechanism and Ribosomal Mutations on Macrolide Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae Clinical Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 1017-1022 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bartkus, J. M., Juni, B. A., Ehresmann, K., Miller, C. A., Sanden, G. N., Cassiday, P. K., Saubolle, M., Lee, B., Long, J., Harrison, A. R. Jr., Besser, J. M. (2003). Identification of a Mutation Associated with Erythromycin Resistance in Bordetella pertussis: Implications for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1167-1172 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ackermann, G., Rodloff, A. C. (2003). Drugs of the 21st century: telithromycin (HMR 3647)--the first ketolide. J Antimicrob Chemother 51: 497-511 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R., Lutticken, R., Bryskier, A., Al-Lahham, A. (2003). Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes in the Pediatric Population in Germany during 2000-2001. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 489-493 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Montanari, M. P., Mingoia, M., Cochetti, I., Varaldo, P. E. (2003). Phenotypes and Genotypes of Erythromycin-Resistant Pneumococci in Italy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 428-431 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Giovanetti, E., Brenciani, A., Burioni, R., Varaldo, P. E. (2002). A Novel Efflux System in Inducibly Erythromycin-Resistant Strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 3750-3755 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pereyre, S., Gonzalez, P., de Barbeyrac, B., Darnige, A., Renaudin, H., Charron, A., Raherison, S., Bebear, C., Bebear, C. M. (2002). Mutations in 23S rRNA Account for Intrinsic Resistance to Macrolides in Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma fermentans and for Acquired Resistance to Macrolides in M. hominis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 3142-3150 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Leclercq, R., Courvalin, P. (2002). Resistance to Macrolides and Related Antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 2727-2734 [Full Text]  
  • Kozlov, R. S., Bogdanovitch, T. M., Appelbaum, P. C., Ednie, L., Stratchounski, L. S., Jacobs, M. R., Bozdogan, B. (2002). Antistreptococcal Activity of Telithromycin Compared with Seven Other Drugs in Relation to Macrolide Resistance Mechanisms in Russia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 2963-2968 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ng, L.-K., Martin, I., Liu, G., Bryden, L. (2002). Mutation in 23S rRNA Associated with Macrolide Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 3020-3025 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Prunier, A.-L., Malbruny, B., Tande, D., Picard, B., Leclercq, R. (2002). Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus with Ribosomal Mutations Conferring Resistance to Macrolides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 3054-3056 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Clark, C. L., Nagai, K., Dewasse, B. E., Pankuch, G. A., Ednie, L. M., Jacobs, M. R., Appelbaum, P. C. (2002). Activity of cefditoren against respiratory pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 50: 33-41 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Malbruny, B., Nagai, K., Coquemont, M., Bozdogan, B., Andrasevic, A. T., Hupkova, H., Leclercq, R., Appelbaum, P. C. (2002). Resistance to macrolides in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes due to ribosomal mutations. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 935-939 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pihlajamaki, M., Kaijalainen, T., Huovinen, P., Jalava, J., the Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistan, (2002). Rapid increase in macrolide resistance among penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci in Finland, 1996-2000. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 785-792 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nilius, A. M., Hensey-Rudloff, D. M., Reimann, M. A., Flamm, R. K. (2002). Comparison of selection for mutants with reduced susceptibility to ABT-773, erythromycin and rifampicin in respiratory tract pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 831-836 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bingen, E., Leclercq, R., Fitoussi, F., Brahimi, N., Malbruny, B., Deforche, D., Cohen, R. (2002). Emergence of Group A Streptococcus Strains with Different Mechanisms of Macrolide Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 1199-1203 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Low, D. E., de Azavedo, J., Weiss, K., Mazzulli, T., Kuhn, M., Church, D., Forward, K., Zhanel, G., Simor, A., McGeer, A. (2002). Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during 2000. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 1295-1301 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pihlajamaki, M., Kataja, J., Seppala, H., Elliot, J., Leinonen, M., Huovinen, P., Jalava, J. (2002). Ribosomal Mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 654-658 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shortridge, V. D., Zhong, P., Cao, Z., Beyer, J. M., Almer, L. S., Ramer, N. C., Doktor, S. Z., Flamm, R. K. (2002). Comparison of In Vitro Activities of ABT-773 and Telithromycin against Macrolide-Susceptible and -Resistant Streptococci and Staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 783-786 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R., Al-Lahham, A., Lemperle, M., Tenholte, C., Briefs, C., Haupts, S., Gerards, H. H., Lutticken, R. (2002). Emergence of macrolide and penicillin resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 61-68 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Canu, A., Malbruny, B., Coquemont, M., Davies, T. A., Appelbaum, P. C., Leclercq, R. (2002). Diversity of Ribosomal Mutations Conferring Resistance to Macrolides, Clindamycin, Streptogramin, and Telithromycin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 125-131 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garza-Ramos, G., Xiong, L., Zhong, P., Mankin, A. (2001). Binding Site of Macrolide Antibiotics on the Ribosome: New Resistance Mutation Identifies a Specific Interaction of Ketolides with rRNA. J. Bacteriol. 183: 6898-6907 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nagai, K., Davies, T. A., Ednie, L. M., Bryskier, A., Palavecino, E., Jacobs, M. R., Appelbaum, P. C. (2001). Activities of a New Fluoroketolide, HMR 3787, and Its (Des)-Fluor Derivative RU 64399 Compared to Those of Telithromycin, Erythromycin A, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, and Clindamycin against Macrolide-Susceptible or -Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and S. pyogenes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 3242-3245 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fluit, A. C., Visser, M. R., Schmitz, F.-J. (2001). Molecular Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 836-871 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Farrell, D. J., Morrissey, I., Bakker, S., Felmingham, D. (2001). Detection of macrolide resistance mechanisms in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes using a multiplex rapid cycle PCR with microwell-format probe hybridization. J Antimicrob Chemother 48: 541-544 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Morosini, M.-I., Canton, R., Loza, E., Negri, M.-C., Galan, J.-C., Almaraz, F., Baquero, F. (2001). In Vitro Activity of Telithromycin against Spanish Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates with Characterized Macrolide Resistance Mechanisms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 2427-2431 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gregory, S. T., Cate, J. H. D., Dahlberg, A. E. (2001). Spontaneous Erythromycin Resistance Mutation in a 23S rRNA Gene, rrlA, of the Extreme Thermophile Thermus thermophilus IB-21. J. Bacteriol. 183: 4382-4385 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fitoussi, F., Loukil, C., Gros, I., Clermont, O., Mariani, P., Bonacorsi, S., Le Thomas, I., Deforche, D., Bingen, E. (2001). Mechanisms of Macrolide Resistance in Clinical Group B Streptococci Isolated in France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1889-1891 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dinos, G. P., Michelinaki, M., Kalpaxis, D. L. (2001). Insights into the Mechanism of Azithromycin Interaction with an Escherichia coli Functional Ribosomal Complex. Mol. Pharmacol. 59: 1441-1445 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ip, M., Lyon, D. J., Yung, R. W. H., Chan, C., Cheng, A. F. B. (2001). Macrolide Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hong Kong. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1578-1580 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • McGee, L., Klugman, K. P., Wasas, A., Capper, T., Brink, A., The Antibiotics Surveillance Forum Of South Africa, (2001). Serotype 19F Multiresistant Pneumococcal Clone Harboring Two Erythromycin Resistance Determinants [erm(B) and mef(A)] in South Africa. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1595-1598 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jalava, J., Kataja, J., Seppälä, H., Huovinen, P. (2001). In Vitro Activities of the Novel Ketolide Telithromycin (HMR 3647) against Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus Species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 789-793 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reinert, R. R., Simic, S., Al-Lahham, A., Reinert, S., Lemperle, M., Lütticken, R. (2001). Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae Recovered from Outpatients with Respiratory Tract Infections in Germany from 1998 to 1999: Results of a National Surveillance Study. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 1187-1189 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fitoussi, F., Doit, C., Geslin, P., Brahimi, N., Bingen, E. (2001). Mechanisms of Macrolide Resistance in Clinical Pneumococcal Isolates in France. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 636-638 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vester, B., Douthwaite, S. (2001). Macrolide Resistance Conferred by Base Substitutions in 23S rRNA. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1-12 [Full Text]  
  • Depardieu, F., Courvalin, P. (2001). Mutation in 23S rRNA Responsible for Resistance to 16-Membered Macrolides and Streptogramins in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 319-323 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Syrogiannopoulos, G. A., Grivea, I. N., Tait-Kamradt, A., Katopodis, G. D., Beratis, N. G., Sutcliffe, J., Appelbaum, P. C., Davies, T. A. (2001). Identification of an erm(A) Erythromycin Resistance Methylase Gene in Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated in Greece. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 342-344 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tait-Kamradt, A., Davies, T., Appelbaum, P. C., Depardieu, F., Courvalin, P., Petitpas, J., Wondrack, L., Walker, A., Jacobs, M. R., Sutcliffe, J. (2000). Two New Mechanisms of Macrolide Resistance in Clinical Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Eastern Europe and North America. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 3395-3401 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tsiodras, S., Gold, H. S., Coakley, E. P. G., Wennersten, C., Moellering, R. C. Jr., Eliopoulos, G. M. (2000). Diversity of Domain V of 23S rRNA Gene Sequence in Different Enterococcus Species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3991-3993 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»