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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, May 2002, p. 1190-1198, Vol. 46, No. 5
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.5.1190-1198.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Origin and Evolution of the AmpC ß-Lactamases of Citrobacter freundii
Miriam Barlow and Barry G. Hall*
Biology Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
Received 24 July 2001/
Returned for modification 19 November 2001/
Accepted 19 January 2002
To determine whether the widespread clinical use of ß-lactams has been selective for Citrobacter freundii-derived alleles of plasmid ampC genes, we generated a Bayesian consensus phylogeny of the published ampC sequences and compared the MICs of 16 ß-lactam antibiotics for Escherichia coli strains containing cloned copies of the C. freundii ampC alleles. We found that for the majority of compounds investigated, there has been essentially no increase in ß-lactam resistance conferred by those alleles. We also found that ampC alleles from the chromosomes of two ß-lactam-sensitive C. freundii strains isolated in the 1920s, before the clinical use of antibiotics, were as effective at providing ß-lactam resistance in E. coli as were the plasmid-borne alleles from ß-lactam-resistant clinical isolates. These results suggest that selection for increased resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics has not been a significant force directing the evolution of the C. freundii ampC alleles found in ß-lactam-resistant clinical isolates.
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Biology Department, Hutchison Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0211. Phone: (716) 275-0721. Fax: (716) 275-2070. E-mail:
drbh{at}mail.rochester.edu.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, May 2002, p. 1190-1198, Vol. 46, No. 5
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.5.1190-1198.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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