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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2002, p. 1887-1895, Vol. 46, No. 6
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1887-1895.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Use of IMiD3, a Thalidomide Analog, as an Adjunct to Therapy for Experimental Tuberculous Meningitis

Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021,¹ Celgene Corporation, Warren, New Jersey 07059²

Received 21 November 2001/ Returned for modification 20 December 2001/ Accepted 14 March 2002

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite successful treatment with antituberculous drugs. This is due to the irreversible brain damage subsequent to the local inflammatory response of the host to M. tuberculosis. Corticosteroids have been used in conjunction with antituberculous therapy in an attempt to modulate the inflammatory response, but this strategy has been of limited success. Therefore, we examined whether combining antituberculous drugs with the immunomodulatory drug thalidomide or with a new thalidomide analog, immunomodulatory drug 3 (IMiD3), would be effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in an experimental rabbit model of TBM. Intracisternal inoculation of 5 x 10⁴ CFU of Mycobacterium bovis Ravenel in rabbits induced progressive subacute meningitis characterized by high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytosis, protein influx, release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), substantial meningeal inflammation, and mortality by day 28. Treatment with antituberculous drugs or with antituberculous drugs plus thalidomide improved the clinical course of disease somewhat and increased survival to about 50%. In contrast, treatment with antituberculous drugs in combination with IMiD3 limited pathological neurologic changes and resulted in marked improvement (73%) in survival. IMiD3 treatment was also associated with reduced leukocytosis in the CSF and significantly lower levels of TNF in CSF and plasma. Histologically, the meningeal inflammation in animals treated with antituberculous drugs plus IMiD3 was considerably attenuated compared to that of the other treatment groups. These results suggest a potential role for IMiD3 in the management of TBM in patients.

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