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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, December 2004, p. 4654-4661, Vol. 48, No. 12
0066-4804/04/$08.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.12.4654-4661.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Molecular Characterization of a ß-Lactamase Gene, blaGIM-1, Encoding a New Subclass of Metallo-ß-Lactamase
Mariana Castanheira,1,2*
Mark A. Toleman,2
Ronald N. Jones,3
Franz J. Schmidt,4 and
Timothy R. Walsh2
Disciplina de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil,1
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,2
The JONES Group/JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa,3
Institut fur Laboratoriumsmedizin, Mikrobiologie, Minden, Germany4
Received 17 February 2004/
Returned for modification 1 May 2004/
Accepted 16 August 2004
As part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program in 2002, five multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates were detected with metallo-ß-lactamase (MßL) activity. The isolates were recovered from different patients in a medical center located in Dusseldorf, Germany. The resistant determinant was isolated amplifying the region between the integrase and the aacA4 gene cassette. Sequencing revealed a novel MßL gene, designated blaGIM-1. Additional analysis showed that GIM-1, comprising 250 amino acids and with a pI value of 5.4, differs in its primary sequence from that described for IMP, VIM, and SPM-1 enzymes by 39 to 43%, 28 to 31%, and 28%, respectively. The enzyme possesses unique amino acids within the major consensus sequence (HXHXD) of the MßL family. Kinetics analysis revealed that GIM-1 has no clear preference for any substrate and did not hydrolyze azlocillin, aztreonam, and the serine-ß-lactamase inhibitors. blaGIM-1 was found on a 22-kb nontransferable plasmid. The new MßL gene was embedded in the first position of a 6-kb class 1 integron, In77, with distinct features, including an aacA4 cassette downstream of the MßL gene that appeared to be truncated with blaGIM-1. The aacA4 was followed by an aadA1 gene cassette that was interrupted by a copy of the IS1394. This integron also carried an oxacillinase gene, blaOXA-2, before the 3'-CS region. GIM-1 appears to be a unique MßL, which is located in a distinct integron structure, and represents the fourth subclass of mobile MßL enzymes to be characterized.
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-117-9288819. Fax: 44-117-9287896. E-mail:
maricastanh{at}yahoo.com.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, December 2004, p. 4654-4661, Vol. 48, No. 12
0066-4804/04/$08.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.12.4654-4661.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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