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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, July 2004, p. 2400-2408, Vol. 48, No. 7
0066-4804/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.7.2400-2408.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Diversity and Evolution of the Class A Chromosomal Beta-Lactamase Gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae

S. Hæggman,1 S. Löfdahl,1 A. Paauw,2 J. Verhoef,2 and S. Brisse2,3*

Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden,1 Eijkman-Winkler Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands,2 Biodiversity Unit of Emerging Bacterial Pathogens (INSERM U389), Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France3

Received 5 August 2003/ Returned for modification 14 December 2003/ Accepted 28 March 2004

We investigated the diversity of the chromosomal class A beta-lactamase gene in Klebsiella pneumoniae in order to study the evolution of the gene. A 789-bp portion was sequenced in a panel of 28 strains, representative of three phylogenetic groups, KpI, KpII, and KpIII, recently identified in K. pneumoniae and of different chromosomal beta-lactamase variants previously identified. Three groups of sequences were found, two of them corresponding to the families SHV (pI 7.6) and LEN (pI 7.1), respectively, and one, more heterogeneous, corresponding to a new family that we named OKP (for other K. pneumoniae beta-lactamase). Levels of susceptibility to ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and aztreonam and inhibition by clavulanic acid were similar in the three groups. One new SHV variant, seven new LEN variants, and four OKP variants were identified. The OKP variants formed two subgroups based on nucleotide sequences, one with pIs of 7.8 and 8.1 and the other with pIs of 6.5 and 7.0. The nucleotide sequences of the housekeeping genes gyrA, coding for subunit A of gyrase, and mdh, coding for malate dehydrogenase, were also determined. Phylogenetic analysis of the three genes studied revealed parallel evolution, with the SHV, OKP, and LEN beta-lactamase families corresponding to the phylogenetic groups KpI, KpII, and KpIII, respectively. This correspondence was fully confirmed for 34 additional strains in PCR assays specific for the three beta-lactamase families. We estimated the time since divergence of the phylogenetic groups KpI and KpIII at between 6 and 28 million years, confirming the ancient presence of the beta-lactamase gene in the genome of K. pneumoniae.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Unité Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cédex 15, France. Phone: 33 1 40 61 33 57. Fax: 33 1 45 68 88 37. E-mail: sbrisse{at}pasteur.fr.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, July 2004, p. 2400-2408, Vol. 48, No. 7
0066-4804/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.48.7.2400-2408.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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