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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, April 2005, p. 1397-1403, Vol. 49, No. 4
0066-4804/05/$08.00+0 doi:10.1128/AAC.49.4.1397-1403.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
E. Andreadou,2 and
T. J. Walsh3*
Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,1 Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratories, Technological Educational Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece,2 Immunocompromised Host Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland3
Received 8 August 2004/ Returned for modification 11 October 2004/ Accepted 24 December 2004
The immunomodulatory effects of liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB), amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), and amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD) on mRNA and protein profiles of five cytokines and chemokines expressed by human monocyte-enriched mononuclear leukocytes (MNCs) were comprehensively evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; they were compared to those of deoxycholate amphotericin B (DAMB). mRNAs of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-
), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1ß (MIP-1ß) were assessed after treatment of MNCs with each drug for 0.5, 2, 6, and 22 h. The cytokine protein profiles were obtained after incubation of MNCs with the drugs for 2 h (TNF-
) or 6 h (all the others). In the mRNA studies, DAMB resulted in an early increase of inflammatory cytokines or chemokines IL-1ß, TNF-
, MCP-1, and MIP-1ß (2 to 6 h) and in a late increase of anti-inflammatory IL-1ra (22 h). ABCD showed a general similar trend of inflammatory gene up-regulation. LAMB and ABLC decreased or did not affect IL-1ß and TNF-
, whereas ABLC additionally decreased MIP-1ß. In protein measurement studies, DAMB and ABCD up-regulated production of IL-1ß (P < 0.05), decreased the IL-1ra/IL-1ß ratio, and up-regulated the production of MCP-1 and MIP-1ß. In comparison, LAMB and ABLC down-regulated or did not affect the production of these cytokines/chemokines compared to untreated MNCs; furthermore, ABLC tended to increase the IL-1ra/IL-1ß ratio. These studies demonstrate that amphotericin B formulations differentially affect gene expression and release of an array of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that potentially may explain the differences in infusion-related reactions and dose-dependent nephrotoxicity as well as modulation of the host immune response to invasive fungal infections.
Present address: Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Heyrovskeho, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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