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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, May 2005, p. 1872-1880, Vol. 49, No. 5
0066-4804/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.49.5.1872-1880.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Evolution of TEM-Type Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamases in Clinical Enterobacteriaceae Strains in Poland

Anna Baraniak, Janusz Fiett, Agnieszka Mrówka, Jarosaw Walory, Waleria Hryniewicz, and Marek Gniadkowski^*

National Institute of Public Health, Chemska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland

Received 28 September 2004/ Returned for modification 5 December 2004/ Accepted 12 January 2005

Seventeen extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae recovered from 1998 to 2000 in hospitals of five different cities in Poland were analyzed. They expressed several TEM-type ESBLs, TEM-4, TEM-29, TEM-85, TEM-86, TEM-93, and TEM-94. TEM-85 (L21F, R164S, E240K, T265M), TEM-86 (L21F, R164S, A237T, E240K, T265M), TEM-93 (M182T, G238S, E240K), and TEM-94 (L21F, E104K, M182T, G238S, T265M) were identified for the first time. Including the enzymes described earlier, TEM-47, TEM-48, TEM-49, and TEM-68, the group of known ESBLs of the TEM family produced by enterobacteria in Polish hospitals has increased to 10 variants. Comparative sequence analysis of the genes coding for all these ß-lactamases revealed a view of their possible evolution, which, apart from the gradual acquisition of various mutations, could also have involved recombination events. Two different bla_TEM-1 gene alleles were precursors of the ESBL genes: bla_TEM-1A, which was the ancestor of bla_TEM-93, and bla_TEM-1F, from which all the remaining genes originated. The evolution of the bla_TEM-1F-related genes most probably consisted of three major separate lineages, one of which, including bla_TEM-4, bla_TEM-47, bla_TEM-48, bla_TEM-49, bla_TEM-68, and bla_TEM-94, was highly structured itself and could have been initiated by the bla_TEM-25 gene, identified exclusively in France so far. Plasmid fingerprinting analysis revealed a high degree of diversity of plasmids carrying related bla_TEM genes, which suggested either the intense diversification or transposition of bla_TEM genes between different plasmids or some contribution of convergent evolution. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that the environment of Polish hospitals has been highly favorable for the rapid evolution of ESBLs.

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