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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, November 2006, p. 3588-3596, Vol. 50, No. 11
0066-4804/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00573-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Adaptive Resistance and Differential Protein Expression of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Biofilms Exposed to Benzalkonium Chloride{triangledown}

Anil K. Mangalappalli-Illathu and Darren R. Korber*

Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

Received 9 May 2006/ Returned for modification 2 June 2006/ Accepted 18 August 2006

The development of adaptive resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 4931 biofilms following exposure to benzalkonium chloride (BC) either continuously (1 µg ml–1) or intermittently (10 µg ml–1 for 10 min daily) was examined. Biofilms adapted to BC over a 144-h period could survive a normally lethal BC challenge (500 µg ml–1 for 10 min) and then regrow, as determined by increases in biofilm thickness, total biomass, and the ratio of the viable biomass to the nonviable biomass. Exposure of untreated control biofilms to the lethal BC challenge resulted in biofilm erosion and cell death. Proteins found to be up-regulated following BC adaptation were those involved in energy metabolism (TpiA and Eno), amino acid and protein biosynthesis (WrbA, TrxA, RplL, Tsf, Tuf, DsbA, and RpoZ), nutrient binding (FruB), adaptation (CspA), detoxification (Tpx, SodB, and a probable peroxidase), and degradation of 1,2-propanediol (PduJ and PduA). A putative universal stress protein (YnaF) was also found to be up-regulated. Proteins involved in proteolysis (DegQ), cell envelope formation (RfbH), adaptation (UspA), heat shock response (DnaK), and broad regulatory functions (Hns) were found to be down-regulated following adaptation. An overall increase in cellular protein biosynthesis was deduced from the significant up-regulation of ribosomal subunit proteins, translation elongation factors, and amino acid biosynthesis protein and down-regulation of serine endoprotease. The cold shock response, stress response, and detoxification are suggested to play roles in the adaptive resistance of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis biofilms to BC.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, 51 Campus Dr., University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. Phone: (306) 966-7786. Fax: (306) 966-8898. E-mail: korber{at}sask.usask.ca.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 28 August 2006.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, November 2006, p. 3588-3596, Vol. 50, No. 11
0066-4804/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00573-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Mangalappalli-Illathu, A. K., Vidovic, S., Korber, D. R. (2008). Differential Adaptive Response and Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Planktonic and Biofilm Cells Exposed to Benzalkonium Chloride. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 3669-3680 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Karatzas, K. A. G., Randall, L. P., Webber, M., Piddock, L. J. V., Humphrey, T. J., Woodward, M. J., Coldham, N. G. (2008). Phenotypic and Proteomic Characterization of Multiply Antibiotic-Resistant Variants of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Selected Following Exposure to Disinfectants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 1508-1516 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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