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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, April 2006, p. 1136-1142, Vol. 50, No. 4
0066-4804/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.50.4.1136-1142.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Structure-Activity Relationships of Aminocoumarin-Type Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Inhibitors Obtained by Combinatorial Biosynthesis

Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom,¹ Pharmazeutische Biologie, Pharmazeutisches Institut, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany²

Received 26 October 2005/ Returned for modification 26 November 2005/ Accepted 4 January 2006

Novobiocin and clorobiocin are gyrase inhibitors produced by Streptomyces strains. Structurally, the two compounds differ only by substitution at two positions: CH₃ versus Cl at position 8' of the aminocoumarin ring and carbamoyl versus 5-methyl-pyrrol-2-carbonyl (MePC) at the 3"-OH of noviose. Using genetic engineering, we generated a series of analogs carrying H, CH₃, or Cl at 8' and H, carbamoyl, or MePC at 3"-OH. Comparison of the gyrase inhibitory activities of all nine structural permutations confirmed that acylation of 3"-OH is essential for activity, with MePC being more effective than carbamoyl. Substitution at 8' further enhanced activity, but the effect of CH₃ or Cl depended on the nature of the acyl group at 3": in the presence of carbamoyl at 3", CH₃ resulted in higher activity; in the presence of MePC at 3", Cl resulted in higher activity. This suggests that the structures of both natural compounds are highly evolved for optimal interaction with gyrase. In a second series of experiments, clorobiocin derivatives with and without the methyl group at 4"-OH of noviose, and with different positions of the MePC group of noviose, were tested. Again clorobiocin was superior to all of its analogs. The activities of all compounds were also tested against topoisomerase IV (topo IV). Clorobiocin stood out as a remarkably effective topo IV inhibitor. The relative activities of the different compounds toward topo IV showed a pattern similar to that of the relative gyrase-inhibitory activities. This is the first report of a systematic evaluation of a series of aminocoumarins against both gyrase and topo IV. The results give further insight into the structure-activity relationships of aminocoumarin antibiotics.

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