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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, November 2007, p. 3803-3809, Vol. 51, No. 11
0066-4804/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00047-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Cellular Effects of Reversed Amidines on Trypanosoma cruzi

C. F. Silva,¹ M. B. Meuser,¹ E. M. De Souza,¹ M. N. L. Meirelles,² C. E. Stephens,³ P. Som,³ D. W. Boykin,³ and M. N. C. Soeiro^1*

Laboratory Biologia Celular,¹ Laboratory Ultra-estrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,² Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303³

Received 12 January 2007/ Returned for modification 22 March 2007/ Accepted 4 August 2007

Aromatic diamidines represent a class of DNA minor groove-binding ligands that exhibit high levels of antiparasitic activity. Since the chemotherapy for Chagas' disease is still an unsolved problem and previous reports on diamidines and related analogues show that they have high levels of activity against Trypanosoma cruzi infection both in vitro and in vivo, our present aim was to evaluate the cellular effects in vitro of three reversed amidines (DB889, DB702, and DB786) and one diguanidine (DB711) against both amastigotes and bloodstream trypomastigotes of T. cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas ' disease. Our data show that the reversed amidines have higher levels of activity than the diguanidine, with the order of trypanocidal activities being as follows: DB889 > DB702 > DB786 > DB711. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the reversed amidines induced many alterations in the nuclear morphology, swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi structures, and consistent damage in the mitochondria and kinetoplasts of the parasites. Interestingly, in trypomastigotes treated with the reversed amidine DB889, multiple axoneme structures (flagellar microtubules) were noted. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that the treated parasites presented an important loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, as revealed by a decrease in rhodamine 123 fluorescence. Our results show that the reversed amidines have promising activities against the relevant mammalian forms of T. cruzi and display high trypanocidal effects at very low doses. This is especially the case for DB889, which merits further in vivo evaluation.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Phone: 55 21 2598-4534. Fax: 55 21 2598-4577. E-mail: soeiro{at}ioc.fiocruz.br

Published ahead of print on 13 August 2007.

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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, November 2007, p. 3803-3809, Vol. 51, No. 11
0066-4804/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00047-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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