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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, May 2007, p. 1719-1724, Vol. 51, No. 5
0066-4804/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01531-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Covalent Dimer Species of β-Defensin Defr1 Display Potent Antimicrobial Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens{triangledown}

Karen Taylor,1 Bryan McCullough,2,{dagger} David J. Clarke,2 Ross J. Langley,3 Tali Pechenick,2 Adrian Hill,2 Dominic J. Campopiano,2 Perdita E. Barran,2 Julia R. Dorin,1* and John R. W. Govan3

Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, United Kingdom,1 School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, United Kingdom,2 University of Edinburgh Medical School, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, United Kingdom3

Received 6 December 2006/ Returned for modification 26 January 2007/ Accepted 5 March 2007

Beta defensins comprise a family of cationic, cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides, predominantly expressed at epithelial surfaces. Previously we identified a unique five-cysteine defensin-related peptide (Defr1) that, when synthesized, is a mixture of dimeric isoforms and exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here we report that Defr1 displays antimicrobial activity against an extended panel of multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogens for which antimicrobial treatment is limited or nonexistent. Defr1 fractions were collected by high-pressure liquid chromatography and analyzed by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity was initially investigated with the type strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. All fractions tested displayed equivalent, potent antimicrobial activity levels comparable with that of the unfractionated Defr1. However, use of an oxidized, monomeric six-cysteine analogue (Defr1 Y5C), or of reduced Defr1, gave diminished antimicrobial activity. These results suggest that the covalent dimer structure of Defr1 is crucial to antimicrobial activity; this hypothesis was confirmed by investigation of a synthetic one-cysteine variant (Defr1-1cys). This gave an activity profile similar to that of synthetic Defr1 but only in an oxidized, dimeric form. Thus, we have shown that covalent, dimeric molecules based on the Defr1 β-defensin sequence demonstrate antimicrobial activity even in the absence of the canonical cysteine motif.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 131 4678411. Fax: 44 131 4678456. E-mail: julia.dorin{at}hgu.mrc.ac.uk

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 12 March 2007.

{dagger} Current address: The Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, The Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, May 2007, p. 1719-1724, Vol. 51, No. 5
0066-4804/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01531-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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