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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, February 2009, p. 519-524, Vol. 53, No. 2
0066-4804/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00886-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

High Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA among Ceftiofur-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Companion and Food-Producing Animals{triangledown}

Junying Ma,1 Zhenling Zeng,1 Zhangliu Chen,1 Xiaogang Xu,2 Xiaoying Wang,2 Yuting Deng,1 Dianhong Lü,1,{dagger} Liangzong Huang,4 Yunyuan Zhang,1 Jianhua Liu,1* and Minggui Wang2,3*

College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China,1 Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital,2 Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China,3 School of Life Science, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China4

Received 5 July 2008/ Returned for modification 2 September 2008/ Accepted 10 October 2008

Three kinds of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants have been discovered and have been shown to be widely distributed among clinical isolates: qnr genes, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA. Few data on the prevalence of these determinants in strains from animals are available. The presence of PMQR genes in isolates from animals was determined by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. The production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases in the strains was detected, and their genotypes were determined. The genetic environment of PMQR determinants in selected plasmids was analyzed. All samples of ceftiofur-resistant (MICs ≥ 8 µg/ml) isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae were selected from 36 companion animals and 65 food-producing animals in Guangdong Province, China, between November 2003 and April 2007, including 89 Escherichia coli isolates, 9 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, and isolates of three other genera. A total of 68.3% (69/101) of the isolates produced ESBLs and/or AmpC β-lactamases, mainly those of the CTX-M and CMY types. Of the 101 strains, PMQR determinants were present in 35 (34.7%) isolates, with qnr, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA detected alone or in combination in 8 (7.9%), 19 (18.8%), and 16 (15.8%) strains, respectively. The qnr genes detected included one qnrB4 gene, four qnrB6 genes, and three qnrS1 genes. Five strains were positive for both aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA, while one strain was positive for qnrS1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA. qnrB6 was flanked by two copies of ISCR1 with an intervening dfr gene downstream and sul1 and qacE{Delta}1 genes upstream. In another plasmid, aac(6')-Ib-cr followed intI1 and arr-3 was downstream. PMQR determinants are highly prevalent in ceftiofur-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from animals in China. This is the first report of the occurrence of PMQR determinants among isolates from companion animals.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address for Minggui Wang: Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 M. Wulumuqi Rd., Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China. Phone: (86-21)-52889999, ext. 8195. Fax: (86-21)-62488290. E-mail: mgwang{at}fudan.edu.cn. Mailing address for Jianhua Liu: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China. Phone: (86-20)-85280237, ext. 808. Fax: (86-20)-85284896. E-mail: jhliu{at}scau.edu.cn

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 20 October 2008.

{dagger} Present address: Veterinary Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, February 2009, p. 519-524, Vol. 53, No. 2
0066-4804/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00886-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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