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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, July 2009, p. 3042-3048, Vol. 53, No. 7
0066-4804/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01604-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Eradication of Bacteria in Suspension and Biofilms Using Methylene Blue-Loaded Dynamic Nanoplatforms{triangledown}

Jianfeng Wu,1 Hao Xu,1,2 Wei Tang,2 Raoul Kopelman,2 Martin A. Philbert,1 and Chuanwu Xi1*

Department of Environmental Health Sciences,1 Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 481092

Received 4 December 2008/ Returned for modification 10 February 2009/ Accepted 23 April 2009

The bacterial killing efficiency of a dynamic nanoplatform (DNP) was evaluated. The polyacrylamide (PAA) hydrogel matrix of the DNP was loaded with methylene blue (MB) and was previously applied successfully to killing rat C6 glioma tumor cells in culture. This series of experiments is aimed at determining the suitability of this nanoplatform for elimination of bacterial infections. Suspended cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter sp. were exposed to activated (~650-nm laser light) MB-PAA-DNPs. The killing efficiency of nanoparticle mass concentration, light irradiance and fluence, and dark incubation time was determined on each of the bacterial species. Moreover, the ability of activated MB-PAA-DNPs to inhibit biofilm growth and eradicate and disperse preformed biofilms, preformed on glass and polystyrene surfaces, was demonstrated. The data revealed that activated MB-PAA-DNPs eradicated all species of bacteria examined. Also, encapsulation of MB into the PAA-DNP matrix significantly diminished the observed dark toxicity of free dye. The photobactericidal efficacy of MB-PAA-DNP was found to be higher for gram-positive bacteria than for gram-negative bacteria. In addition, activated MB-PAA-DNP can inhibit biofilm growth and eradicate almost all of the early-age biofilms that are formed by all of the bacteria examined.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of Michigan, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, 109 Observatory St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Phone: (734) 615-7594. Fax: (734) 936-7283. E-mail: cxi{at}umich.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 4 May 2009.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, July 2009, p. 3042-3048, Vol. 53, No. 7
0066-4804/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01604-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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