TEXT

Top Abstract Text References

Candida albicans vaginitis has been increasing in medical importance, as a significant proportion of women suffer from acute episodes, and recurrent infections may frequently occur after therapy (19, 20). It has been estimated that 75% of all women will experience an episode of Candida vaginitis once in their lifetime, with up to 5% suffering from recurrent vaginal candidiasis (13). The increasing incidence of Candida vaginitis has highlighted the importance of establishing therapeutic strategies aimed at ensuring (i) successful eradication of the infectious agent, particularly in women prone to recurrent Candida vaginal infection; (ii) short-term treatment; (iii) achievement of high drug levels at the target site; (iv) safety; and, possibly, (v) the avoidance of the first-pass metabolism. From such a perspective, topical treatment of Candida vaginitis could represent a rational choice for the management of this localized infection, while systemic therapy could be limited to patients proven to be unresponsive or intolerant to intravaginally administered drugs. However, although antimycotic agents, such as broad-spectrum imidazole derivatives, are now available for topical, short-term therapy (21, 22), intravaginally delivered drugs may fail to achieve high concentrations at the site of infection because of their fairly prompt removal from the vaginal compartment through physiological secretions (16). Indeed, traditional vaginal delivery systems (solutions, suspensions, gels, foams, and tablets) might not ensure sufficient therapeutic efficacy, most likely because of their short residence time at the site of administration (3, 7). Therefore, current pharmacological research, focused on improving topical treatment of vaginal infections, is mainly addressed at developing suitable drug delivery systems to enable a prolonged intravaginal residence time for administered drugs.

Mucoadhesive polymers have been described as the most attractive and promising candidates to be used as drug delivery systems for topical therapy because of their capability to adhere to mucous-epithelial surfaces (4, 14). Most of them have been designed for nasal, oral, and ocular drug delivery (9, 12), and it has been shown that polycarbophil (PC), a mucoadhesive polymer of the polyacrylic acid type, remains in the vagina for 2 to 3 days (10). Such persistence is essential in order to prolong the drug residence time at the site of administration and most likely leads to a better absorption of the drug by the underlying tissue (3, 4, 7), as shown by the enhanced penetration of various drugs across the buccal, nasal, vaginal, and intestinal epithelia when delivered in systems based on mucoadhesive polyacrylic acid derivatives (8, 9, 11).

Very recently, a novel econazole delivery system based upon the complexation of the drug with PC has been developed (18). This innovative formulation has been described as a highly stable complex, from which 70% econazole is released within 18.5 h (18). The slow release of econazole from the complex, the good absorption of the drug across the vaginal epithelium (1), and the prolonged residence time of PC on vaginal tissue (10) make PC-econazole an attractive delivery system for vaginal administration of this antimycotic drug. To assess its effectiveness, a murine model of experimental vaginal candidiasis was used in the present study to investigate whether the complexation of econazole with PC would improve the therapeutic benefit of econazole in the topical treatment of C. albicans vaginitis in mice. Results obtained during the study were expressed in terms of the mean ± the standard deviation (SD), and statistical analysis was performed by the ² test and by the two-tailed Student's t-test with the significance level set at a P value of <0.05.

In vitro activity of econazole and PC-econazole. The compositions of PC-econazole and econazole formulations were as follows: econazole (1.0 or 0.5 g), Me-paraben (methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, 0.20 g) (Nipa Laboratories LTD, Pontypridd, United Kingdom), Pr-paraben (propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, 0.02 g) (Nipa), PC (2.12 g) (BFGoodrich, Beckersville, Ohio) (included only in the PC-econazole complex), and propylene glycol to a final volume of 100 ml. Both the PC-econazole and econazole formulations were generously provided by Farmigea S.p.A. (Pisa, Italy). Preliminary experiments were designed to evaluate whether differences in the in vitro activities exerted by econazole and PC-econazole against C. albicans could be detected by using a microplate susceptibility assay, performed as described by Polonelli and Morace (15). Identical MICs (5.6 ± 0.3 µg/ml; mean ± SD of five separate experiments) of econazole and PC-econazole were obtained against two C. albicans strains (ATCC 48867 and ATCC 23866) used as reference microorganisms. A mixture containing all the excipients (i.e., PC, Me-paraben, Pr-paraben, and propylene glycol) but lacking econazole did not exert any inhibitory activity against the two C. albicans reference strains when assayed at the highest concentration used in the microdilution susceptibility test.

Experimental C. albicans vaginitis in mice. Since vaginitis in rodents is inducible only under conditions of pseudoestrus (17), 72 h before vaginal infection, female CBA/J (H-2^k) mice, aged 8 to 10 weeks, were treated subcutaneously with 0.5 mg of estradiol valerate dissolved in sesame oil. Estrogen administration continued weekly until completion of the study. The estrogen-treated mice were inoculated intravaginally (day 0) with 20 µl of a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) suspension of 5 × 10⁵ viable blastoconidia of C. albicans ATCC 48867, obtained from early-stationary-phase cultures in yeast nitrogen base medium (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) supplemented with 0.5% glucose and 0.05% bovine serum albumin (pH 7.0). The time course of infection was monitored in individual mice by culturing 50 µl of undiluted and serially diluted (1:10) vaginal lavages, performed on alternate days with 100 µl of sterile PBS. The vaginal lavage fluids were seeded, in triplicate, onto Sabouraud dextrose agar plates supplemented with 400 mg of chloramphenicol/liter and 40 mg of gentamicin/liter and were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Recovery of C. albicans from the mouse vaginas was confirmed by a germ tube test, performed on randomly selected colonies obtained from vaginal lavage cultures at various sampling times. Overt vaginitis occurred in 66% of the animals. Infected mice developed high-titer vaginal infections (4.2 × 10⁴ ± 9.0 × 10³ CFU/100 µl of vaginal lavage fluid), which decreased to 2.3 × 10⁴ ± 7.0 × 10³ CFU by week 1 and remained at approximately that value throughout a 4-week period before declining to an average of 2.1 × 10² CFU by week 10. Complete clearance of C. albicans was rarely observed, most likely because of the dominant pharmacological effect of estrogen administration, which produces an environment facilitating persistence and proliferation of Candida organisms (6).

C. albicans vaginitis in mice topically treated with econazole or PC-econazole. Infected mice, harboring an average vaginal level of 2.3 × 10⁴ CFU of C. albicans 1 week post inoculation, were topically treated with 20 µl of 1% econazole or 1% PC-econazole or with 20 µl of a blend of excipients (0.20 g of Me-paraben, 0.02 g of Pr-paraben, and 2.12 g of PC in 100 ml of propylene glycol) once daily for five consecutive days, starting from day 8 postinoculation with C. albicans. No appreciable decrease in the vaginal C. albicans burden was observed in control mice receiving only excipients (Fig. 1A). In contrast, infected mice receiving econazole or PC-econazole showed similar sharp declines in C. albicans levels immediately after day 1 postadministration and displayed indistinguishable infection kinetics during and after drug administration. One week after cessation of therapy both groups of mice exhibited a 120-fold decrease in the C. albicans burden (0.2 × 10³ ± 20 and 0.15 × 10³ ± 30 CFU/100 µl of vaginal fluid), which was significantly lower than that recorded in control animals (1.8 × 10⁴ ± 3.0 × 10³ CFU) (P < 0.001) at the same sampling time (Fig. 1A). This finding was not surprising, since both econazole and PC-econazole exert the same in vitro antimycotic activity on the C. albicans strain used to induce vaginal candidiasis, and econazole, unlike other antimicrobial agents, was proven to be successfully absorbed through the vaginal wall in rodents (1). The possibility cannot be excluded, however, that the rapid absorption of econazole across the vaginal epithelium could have masked a therapeutic benefit achieved by prolonging the intravaginal residence time of econazole, when delivered as a PC complex. Therefore, infected mice were subjected to deliberate vaginal washing after every drug administration, in an attempt to increase the loss of intravaginally delivered drugs through physiological secretions, which in women are discharged from the vagina at a measured rate of 3 to 4 g/h (2) and are claimed to explain the failure of topical treatment of vaginal infection (7).

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1.   Effect of topical administration of econazole and PC-econazole on C. albicans vaginal infection in mice. Groups of 10 estrogen-treated mice were intravaginally inoculated with 5.0 × 105 C. albicans blastoconidia. Drugs were administered once daily for five consecutive days as indicated by the arrows. The numbers of C. albicans CFU are given as the means ± SD of three separate experiments and were quantitated by culturing serial dilutions of vaginal lavage fluid collected from each mouse on alternate days. (A) time course of infection in mice receiving 20 µl of 1.0% econazole (), 1.0% PC-econazole (), and excipients (). (B) C. albicans infection kinetics in mice treated as described for panel A and subjected to deliberate vaginal washing with 100 µl of PBS 4 h after each administration of drugs.

C. albicans vaginitis in mice subjected to vaginal washing after econazole or PC-econazole administration. Vaginal washing was performed by using a vaginal irrigator, especially set up for the mouse vagina during this study. Deliberate washings were performed with 1.0 ml of sterile PBS 4 h after every administration of drugs. Vaginal infection kinetics were quite similar in excipient-treated control mice, whether subjected to vaginal washing or not, clearly showing that such a procedure did not lead to any appreciable decrease in the C. albicans burden in the absence of specific antimycotic treatment (Fig. 1). With the administration of drugs, similar infection kinetics were observed in econazole-treated mice as well as in PC-econazole-treated mice, both exhibiting numbers of C. albicans CFU (an average of 1.0 × 10³ to 1.4 × 10³ CFU) significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those recorded in control animals (1.9 × 10⁴ ± 5.0 × 10³ CFU) on the last day of drug administration (day 13) (Fig. 1B). The effect exerted by washing on the time course of infection became evident after cessation of therapy, from day 13 to day 19 (the last day of observation) (Fig. 1B). While mice receiving PC-econazole exhibited up to a 70-fold decrease in C. albicans levels, achieving vaginal infection titers as low as 2.3 × 10² ± 58 CFU at day 19, the econazole-treated mice did not show any further decline in vaginal titers of C. albicans CFU, which remained at approximately the value quantitated at day 13 (1.4 × 10³ ± 75 CFU); this resulted in titers significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those exhibited by PC-econazole-treated mice and only 11-fold lower than those quantitated in excipient-treated mice (1.7 × 10⁴ ± 1.5 × 10³ CFU) at day 19 (Fig. 1B). These observations suggested that although topically administered econazole might control vaginal Candida infection efficiently, the efficacy of therapeutic treatment appeared to rely upon frequent drug administration, which was required to replace the drug deliberately removed by washing. In contrast, the improvement in the therapeutic efficacy of econazole when delivered as PC-econazole could be convincingly explained by assuming that the prolonged residence time of PC on the vaginal mucosal surface (10) leads to an enhancement in drug availability at the site of infection. Such a hypothesis was supported by the finding that successful clearance of C. albicans was achieved only in mice receiving PC-econazole, making the therapeutic benefit of PC-econazole significantly higher (P = 0.0371) than that exerted by econazole alone at a drug concentration as low as 1% (Table 1). Indeed, infected mice receiving econazole never showed eradication of C. albicans from the vagina, and up to 10 and 20% of the mice receiving 0.5 and 1.0% econazole, respectively, were insensitive to the treatment. In addition, more than 50% of the animals receiving 1% econazole exhibited high-titer infections, the average C. albicans burden being 100 < CFU < 1,000. In contrast, none of the infected mice were insensitive to PC-econazole; at least one half of the animals exhibited infection titers lower than 100 CFU, and complete clearance of C. albicans infection was achieved in 10 and about 20% of infected mice treated with 0.5 and 1.0% PC-econazole, respectively (Table 1). Eradication of vaginal candidiasis in about 20% of the mice may be considered of value since (i) spontaneous clearance of Candida vaginitis has rarely been observed in estrogen-treated mice (5, 21) and (ii) eradication of vaginal infection has been reported to be achieved only by using high concentrations of topically administered drugs, even in the absence of deliberate vaginal washing (21, 22).