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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, December 1999, p. 3018-3021, Vol. 43, No. 12
0066-4804/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Genetic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Canadian Isolates of Salmonella Serovar Typhimurium DT104

Lai-King Ng,* Michael R. Mulvey, Irene Martin, Geoffrey A. Peters, and Wendy Johnson

Bureau of Microbiology, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Received 22 April 1999/Returned for modification 16 June 1999/Accepted 17 September 1999


    ABSTRACT
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PCR was used to identify antibiotic resistance determinants in 31 Canadian Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT104 isolates. Genes encoding resistance to ampicillin (pse1 or blaP1), chloramphenicol (pasppflo-like), streptomycin-spectinomycin (aadA2), sulfonamide (sulI), and tetracycline [tet(G)] were mapped to a 13-kb region of DNA of one isolate. Two copies of sulI were identified and mapped to the 3' end of either pse1 or aadA2 integrons. The two integrons were separated by the pasppflo-like gene and the tet(G) gene. The kanamycin resistance determinant (aphA-1) was present on a 2.0-MDa plasmid (five isolates) or on the chromosome (three isolates).


    TEXT
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Recently in Canada there has been an increase in occurrence of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT104 isolates (17, 18). Many of these isolates are resistant to ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), streptomycin (S), sulfonamide (Su), and tetracycline (T), like those found in the United Kingdom (23) and the United States (7, 9), and some are also kanamycin resistant (KANr). This study describes the identification of the resistant genes involved in 31 Canadian isolates of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT104 as well as the location and gene order in a selected isolate (96-5227) with the ACSSuT resistance phenotype.

The antimicrobial susceptibilities (15, 20) of the 31 Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT104 are shown in Table 1, and the PCR primers designed to identify their resistance genes are shown in Table 2. PCR conditions were optimized based on the melting temperature (Tm) of the primers, and long PCR was performed in accordance with the supplier's protocol (Roche Diagnostics, Laval, Quebec, Canada). All primers were synthesized with a Beckman Oligo 1000M DNA synthesizer, and DNA sequencing was carried out with an ABI Prism 377 DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems Division of Perkin-Elmer, Foster City, Calif.). DNA sequences were aligned with sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database by using Blast version 2.0.4 (1).

                              
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  		TABLE 1.   Source, antibiograms, antibiotic resistance genes, and plasmid profiles of Canadian Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT104 isolates


                              
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  		TABLE 2.   PCR primers used in the identification of integrons and resistance genes

To obtain a detailed map and elucidate the order of the ACSSuT resistance phenotype genes, Southern blots of isolate 96-5227 DNA digested with BamHI, HindIII, EcoRI, BglI, XbaI, and corresponding double digests were probed sequentially with amplicons of the identified genes.

Class 1 integrons which have conserved regions (5'CS and 3'CS) often contain antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes (8, 19). PCR amplification using primers 3'-CS and 5'-CS on genomic DNA from all of the DT104 ACSSuT-resistant isolates resulted in 1.0- and 1.2-kb amplicons. DNA sequence analyses (1) of the 1.0-kb amplicon from one selected isolate (96-5227) showed a sequence identical to that of a region on InCg, an integron on Corynebacterium glutamicum plasmid pCG4 (emb|Y14748), containing aadA2, which encodes streptomycin-spectinomycin resistance (3, 16), while the 1.2-kb amplicon contained sequence with 100% identity to pse1 (blaP1) (carb-2, emb|Z18955, coordinates 35 to 1150), which encodes ampicillin resistance (25). In addition, PCR amplification using intragenic primers (Table 2) identified the presence of pse1 in the 1.2-kb amplicons from 18 (8 ACSSuTr, 4 ACSSuT-KANr, and 6 ACSuTr) isolates and of aadA2 in the 1.0-kb amplicon of 12 (8 ACSSuTr and 4 ACSSuT-KANr) isolates (Table 1). Other studies also found the pse1 and aadA2 genes within 1.0- and 1.2-kb amplicons in DT104 isolates with ACSSuT resistance (5, 20, 21).

Class 1 integrons may contain the qacEDelta 1-sulI (sulfonamide resistance)-orf5 region (8, 19). All 18 isolates that had 5'CS and 3'CS sequence produced a PCR amplicon with qacEDelta 1 and orf5 primers (Table 2). Partial DNA sequence analysis and PCR using intragenic sulI primers confirmed the presence of the sulfonamide resistance gene in these isolates. Furthermore, these isolates also contained the integrase (intI1) gene sequence as determined by PCR.

PCR using primers specific for tetracycline resistance genes (Table 2) showed that tet(A) was identified in one isolate with an SSuT resistance profile while tet(B) was found in three isolates with T-KANr profiles. In addition, tet(G) was identified in 18 DT104 isolates with ACSSuT resistance, ACSSuT-KANr, and ACSuT resistance profiles. DNA sequence analysis of the tet(G) PCR product from isolate 96-5227 (gb|AF11924) showed 100% identity with published sequences from Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT104 (gb|AF071555) (5) and Pseudomonas plasmid pPSTG2 (gb|AF133140) and 93% identity (CG instead of GC at coordinates 1351 and 1352 of gb|S52437) with that of Vibrio anguillarum (24).

The chloramphenicol resistance determinant in 96-5227 was identified as the previously described pasppflo-like (flor) gene (2, 5) by using PCR primers (Fig. 1) specific for this gene (5) (gb|AF071555).


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  		FIG. 1.   Restriction map of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium DT104 multidrug resistance region from isolate 96-5227. The orientations of the genes are indicated by arrows. The respective positions of the antibiotic resistance genes are shown in boxes. Lines below the map indicate the sizes of products obtained by using the primer sets listed. Restriction enzyme abbreviations: X, XbaI; B, BamHI; Bg, BglI; H, HindII.

All of the identified resistance genes as well as the integrase gene were mapped to an 11.8-kb XbaI fragment, and their order is shown in Fig. 1. Although Ridley and Threlfall (20) have suggested that two integron-associated genes in DT104 isolates map to a single 10-kb XbaI chromosomal fragment, our results showed that the pse1 gene, which has an internal XbaI site, actually extends to an adjacent 4.2-kb XbaI fragment (Fig. 1). This difference is probably due to the elution of the 4.2-kb XbaI fragment from their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis gels (20). The relative positions and orientation of genes on the restriction map were confirmed by using various combinations of PCR primers (Fig. 1). The structure of the integron containing aadA2 is similar to the map published by Briggs and Fratamico (5). However, we did not detect the partial integrase gene (groEL-intI1b) (5) in the 5' region of the pse1 gene by hybridization with the intI1 probe.

It had been reported that the ACSSuT resistance genes in DT104 were located on the chromosome and were not self-transmissible (22, 23). All ACSSuT-resistant isolates in this study harbored only the 60-MDa virulence plasmid which has not been reported to confer antimicrobial resistance (23). Furthermore, this plasmid was also found in susceptible isolates (Table 1). Therefore, it is likely that the ACSSuT resistance determinants are on the chromosome of isolate 96-5227.

Kanamycin resistance of eight isolates, including four with ACSSuT-KANr, was encoded by the aphA-1 gene. The amplicons were verified to contain aphA-1 by AluI and DdeI digestion (gb|U63147). The aphA-1 probe hybridized to a 2-MDa plasmid present in five of the eight isolates (Table 1). This suggests that the other three isolates, containing only the 60-MDa plasmid, have aphA-1 located on the chromosome. Mating experiments showed that the 2-MDa plasmid in a selected Salmonella serovar Typhimurium isolate 97-5025 was not self-transmissible.

In summary, the order, orientation, and location of the ACSSuT resistance genes in the Canadian isolate (96-5227) were similar to those found by others (5, 20, 21). Although the origin of DNA containing the ACSSuT resistance genes remains unknown, our observations together with other published data (5, 20, 21) suggested the possible clonal dissemination of these isolates in the population. The rapid increase of ACSSuT-resistant DT104 isolates in Canada and other countries may suggest that there are other genes in the DNA region which account for the rapid dissemination of this isolate. In an attempt to better understand this unique region of the genome, we have constructed DNA libraries in order to identify other genes and determine the size of the inserted DNA in isolate 96-5227. To this end, sequence analysis and hybridization experiments showed that the insertion site of the unique region is between 24 and 30 kb upstream of the intI1 gene.


    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Rae Bosy and Romeo Hizon for performing the susceptibility testing, G. Wang for the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, David Woodward for the identification of Salmonella, Rasik Khakhria for phage typing and providing the surveillance data, and Annie Savoie for her technical assistance. We also thank T. Aoki, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan; D. Taylor, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; G. Jacoby, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; S. Levy, Tufts University, Boston, Mass.; M. Roberts, University of Washington, Seattle; and P. Roy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, for providing isolates. We also thank Michael Coulthart, Shaun Tyler, and the staff of the DNA Core Facility, Bureau of Microbiology, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, for their technical advice and for performing the DNA sequencing of DNA amplicons and the synthesis of oligonucleotides.


    FOOTNOTES

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Gonococcal Infections Section, Bureau of Microbiology, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Room 2380, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2. Phone: (204) 789-2131. Fax: (204) 789-2140. E-mail: Lai_King_Ng{at}hc-sc.gc.ca.


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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, December 1999, p. 3018-3021, Vol. 43, No. 12
0066-4804/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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