TEXT

Top Abstract Text References

Infections caused by gram-positive organisms are a therapeutic concern because of their increased occurrence and the high rates of resistance among some isolates that cause serious infections (4, 12, 13, 19, 22, 25). Ketolides, including telithromycin (TEL; formerly HMR 3647), have been tested both in vitro and in vivo against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms (1, 3, 5, 8, 18, 23; P. Rajagopalan-Levasseur, E. Vallee, C. Agouridas, J. F. Chantot, and J. J. Pocidalo, Abstr. 35th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. F173, 1995), but multiresistant enterococci have not been well represented in in vivo studies. In a published study, one Enterococcus faecalis and two Enterococcus faecium strains were tested in a mouse septicemia model which demonstrated the ability of a ketolide (HMR 3004) to prolong survival or protect after inoculation of organisms (1). In the present study, we describe the activity of TEL and the determination of the 50% protective doses (PD₅₀s) of TEL, erythromycin (ERY), and quinupristin-dalfopristin (Q-D) against enterococci in a mouse peritonitis model.

(This work was presented in part at the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy [K. V. Singh, K. K. Zscheck, and B. E. Murray, Abst. 38th Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abst. B-13, 1998].)

Bacterial strains used in the study included the following four E. faecalis strains: TX0921 (HH22) (14), a -lactamase producer (Bla⁺) with high-level resistance to gentamicin (Gen^r); TX0052, an endocarditis isolate; OG1RF (ATCC 47077) (15), a well-known plasmid-free isolate used as a recipient in many laboratories; and V583 (9, 21), a vanB-containing isolate. The three E. faecium strains used in the study were TX16 (2), an endocarditis isolate; TX16.01-Ery^c (TX16 cured of ERY resistance [Ery^r] by novobiocin), provided by Robert M. Rakita, Houston, Tex.; and a vanA-containing clinical isolate, TX2465 (11; K. V. Singh et al., 38th ICAAC, abstr. B-13). TEL was obtained from Hoechst Marion Roussel, Romainville, France; ERY A was obtained from Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.; and Q-D was obtained from Rhône-Poulenc Rorer, Vitry sur Seine, France. MICs were determined by following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines (16, 17). The susceptibility breakpoints of ERY, according to the NCCLS guidelines (16, 17) for enterococci, were 0.5 µg/ml for Ery^s, 1 to 4 µg/ml for Eryⁱ, and 8 µg/ml for Ery^r. For in vivo testing, enterococci grown on brain heart infusion agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) plates with or without ERY were used to inoculate brain heart infusion broth, and preparation of inocula and CFU determination were done by following a previously published method (24). Female, 4- to 6-week-old outbred ICR mice (Harlan Sprague Dawley, Houston, Tex.) with a mean weight of 25 g were used. Each dosing group was composed of six animals. For the treatment groups, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 ml of premixed bacteria (cell density corresponding to 10 times the minimal lethal dose) in 50% sterile rat fecal extract (10, 24). TEL and other antibiotics were administered orally (p.o.) by gavage, subcutaneously (s.c.) or by the intravenous (i.v.) route immediately following the inoculation of mice. Animals were observed for up to 96 h for E. faecalis and 120 h for E. faecium. The PD₅₀s of TEL and other antibiotics were determined by the method of Reed and Muench (20); Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for some. Bacteria were recovered from the spleens of dead mice, and the identity of the organisms was confirmed by phenotypic characteristics or by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Preapproved guidelines of the Animal Welfare Committee of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston were followed throughout the course of the animal experiments.

The results of MIC testing for isolates used in the antibiotic protection studies are presented in Table 1 along with PD₅₀s. ERY administered by the oral route showed no protection of OG1RF-inoculated mice even at the highest dose, while TEL demonstrated PD₅₀s of 29.7 mg/kg of body weight when administered by the p.o. route. When administered by the s.c. route (Table 1), TEL displayed a PD₅₀ three times lower (PD₅₀ = 9.4 mg/kg) than s.c. ERY (PD₅₀ = 31.9 mg/kg) in OG1RF-inoculated mice. In TX0921-inoculated mice, the PD₅₀ of TEL administered by the p.o. route was 34.9 mg/kg, while p.o. ERY at 200 mg/kg did not show protection (Table 1). TEL displayed a PD₅₀ ~21 times lower (PD₅₀ = <0.57 mg/kg) than ERY (PD₅₀ = 12.5 mg/kg) when administered by the s.c route. There was 100% survival of mice at doses of 3.12, 6.25, and 12.5 mg of TEL per kg compared with 60% survival with 12.5 mg of ERY per kg; s.c. ERY did not show any protection in TX0921-inoculated mice at 3.12 and 6.25 mg/kg (Fig. 1A). p.o. TEL and ERY showed no protection (Table 1) at 200 mg/kg against either E. faecalis TX0052 (ERY and TEL MICs of 1,024 µg/ml and 4 to 8 µg/ml, respectively) or V583 (ERY and TEL MICs of 512 to 1,024 µg/ml and 8 µg/ml, respectively) in inoculated mice. Two doses of TEL given by the p.o. route showed some protection (Table 1) against TX0052 (PD₅₀ = 80 mg/kg) but not against V583 (PD₅₀ = >200 mg/kg). One dose of s.c TEL (50 mg/kg) did not show any protection against these strains, but two doses of s.c. TEL showed protection (Table 1) against both (PD₅₀s = 25 to 40 mg/kg). Organisms recovered from the spleens of dead mice were retested for MICs by the agar dilution method, and the MICs of TEL for these isolates were consistent with those observed prior to the inoculation.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1.   (A) Survival and dose-response curve following therapy with TEL or ERY of peritonitis caused by E. faecalis strain TX0921 (HH22 Bla+ Genr) given by the s.c. route (single dose). (B) Survival and dose-response curve following therapy with TEL or ERY of peritonitis caused by E. faecium strain TX0016.01-Eryc given by the s.c. route (single dose).

TEL and ERY administered p.o. showed no protection (Table 1) at 200 mg/kg against the erm(B)-containing E. faecium strain TX16 (ERY MIC = 1,024 µg/ml), but two doses of TEL (TEL MIC = 16 µg/ml) had a PD₅₀ of 168 mg/kg. Similarly, one s.c. dose of TEL (50 mg/kg) did not show any protection against TX16, but two doses of s.c TEL showed a PD₅₀ of 12.5 mg/kg (Table 1). No protection was seen in mice when one dose of Q-D was administered by the s.c. route, but two doses of Q-D showed protection (PD₅₀ = 36.5 mg/kg) in mice (Table 1). One dose of Q-D administered by the i.v. route showed a PD₅₀ of 32.1 mg/kg (Table 1) in TX16-inoculated mice. Against the erm(B)-lacking TX16.01, a single dose of s.c. TEL was highly effective and showed a PD₅₀ twofold lower than ERY and Q-D (Table 1). The time course of survival following therapy of peritonitis with TEL and ERY (one dose given s.c.) is shown in Fig. 1B; TEL showed more protection than ERY at similar or lower doses. As was seen with TX16, i.v. Q-D again showed a lower PD₅₀ than did s.c. Q-D (Table 1). The PD₅₀ of p.o. TEL was 38.6 mg/kg (Table 1) in mice inoculated with TX2465, and s.c. TEL and s.c. ERY showed PD₅₀s of 10.4 and 35.6 mg/kg, respectively (Table 1). Q-D showed a PD₅₀ of 10.2 mg/kg (Table 1) when administered by the i.v. route.

In this study we explored the in vitro and in vivo activities of TEL, ERY, and Q-D against E. faecalis and E. faecium strains. Similar to a previous study (23), we found that TEL inhibited Ery-susceptible (MIC = 0.5 µg/ml) and -intermediate (MIC = 1 to 4 µg/ml) enterococci at 0.031 µg/ml; for two E. faecalis (TX0052 and V583) and one E. faecium (TX16) strain for which the MICs of ERY were 1,024 µg/ml, the MICs of TEL were 4 to 8 µg/ml and 16 µg/ml, respectively. TEL displayed excellent in vivo activity against two Ery^s E. faecalis and two E. faecium strains (one Ery^s and one vanA Eryⁱ ampicillin-resistant [Amp^r] strain) when administered by the p.o. and s.c. routes, while ERY showed protection only when administered by the s.c. route, with higher PD₅₀s, these strains. Paralleling the increased MICs of TEL for the Ery^r enterococci, single doses of TEL and ERY failed to protect mice when administered by the p.o. or s.c. route, while two doses of s.c. TEL showed protection in mice against these strains. In vivo efficacy of HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 (TEL) was demonstrated earlier against other gram-positive bacteria, including one Ery^s and two Eryⁱ enterococci (1,6).

While the bactericidal and in vivo activities of Q-D against Ery^r E. faecium have been questioned previously (7), we also found that s.c. Q-D was ineffective when given as a single dose for an Ery^r E. faecium strain (TX16), while the PD₅₀ was 27.9 mg/kg for a derivative of this strain that was cured of its Ery resistance. Based on the manufacturer's recommendation that the i.v. administration was more appropriate to achieve the desired ratios of the individual components, we also tested i.v. Q-D and found this route to be much more effective, with two doses by the s.c. route and one i.v. dose generating similar PD₅₀s (36.5 and 32.1 mg/kg, respectively) against the Ery^r strain TX 16.

In summary, the greater in vitro activity of TEL versus ERY against test bacteria was also reflected in its in vivo activity in a mouse peritonitis model against both E. faecalis and E. faecium strains, suggesting that this ketolide could be a promising drug for use against some multiresistant enterococci.