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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, April 2000, p. 1078-1080, Vol. 44, No. 4
Department of Microbiology, Tokushima
University School of Dentistry, Tokushima
770-8504,1 and Department of
Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University,
Okayama 700-8530,2 Japan
Received 2 June 1999/Returned for modification 2 September
1999/Accepted 12 January 2000
The susceptibility of viridans group streptococci to macrolides was
determined. Thirteen isolates (17%) were resistant to erythromycin.
Five strains carried an erm gene that was highly homologous
to that in Tn917. Four strains had mefE genes
that coded erythromycin efflux ability.
Viridans group streptococci,
commensal bacteria in the human oral and nasal cavities, are associated
with systemic diseases, including infective endocarditis, bacteremia,
and pneumonia (2, 5, 6, 10, 12). Macrolide resistance has
spread in staphylococci, enterococci, and streptococci (7-9,
11), but little is known about the distribution of the resistance
among oral streptococci (12, 19). In this work, clinical
isolates of oral and nasal Streptococcus mitis and
Streptococcus oralis have been tested for susceptibility to
macrolides, and resistance genes have been characterized.
Eighty-four streptococcal isolates from patients who visited Tokushima
University Hospital between June and December 1995 were studied. These
strains were isolated from periodontal pockets, larynx, pharynx,
maxillary sinus, and nasal secretion and identified as S. oralis (54 strains), S. mitis (29 strains),
Streptococcus sanguis (1 strain), and Streptococcus
salivarius (1 strain) by biochemical tests, including the API-20
Strep system (bioMérieux, La Balme des Grottes, France).
The following antibiotics were used: leucomycin and midecamycin (Meiji
Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), erythromycin and rokitamycin
(Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), clarithromycin (Dynabott),
azithromycin (Pfizer Pharmaceuticals), and roxithromycin (Hoechst-Marion-Roussel).
MICs were determined by a broth microdilution method in anaerobic MIC
broth (Difco, Detroit, Mich.). Microtiter plates were incubated at
37°C for 24 h in 5% CO2.
Induction experiments for macrolide resistance were performed by
preculture with a sub-MIC of erythromycin. Crude DNA of streptococci was prepared as previously described (13). PCR primers for
erm and mefE were designed from published
sequences (1) to provide specific PCR products of 530 and
1,218 bp, respectively. The erm primers were
5'-GAAATIGGIIIIGGIAAAGGICA-3' and
5'-AAYTGRTTYTTIGTRAA-3', and the mefE primers
were 5'-ATGGAAAAATACAACAATTGGAAACGA-3' and 5'-TTATTTTAAATCTAATTTTCTAACCTC-3'.
Macrolide susceptibility is shown in Table
1. The erythromycin MICs at which 90% of
the isolates tested are inhibited (MIC90s) for S. oralis and S. mitis were 8 and 32 µg/ml,
respectively. MIC ranges of clarithromycin, azithromycin, and
roxithromycin were similar to those of erythromycin. The MIC range of
rokitamycin for S. oralis and S. mitis was
narrow, with MIC90s of 0.5 and 1 µg/ml, respectively.
Among 13 erythromycin-resistant strains (MIC,
0066-4804/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Susceptibilities of Oral and Nasal Isolates of
Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis to
Macrolides and PCR Detection of Resistance Genes
ABSTRACT
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8 µg/ml), 6 strains
were highly resistant to erythromycin; the MICs for them were 512
µg/ml (Table 2). All of the strains except O14 were also highly resistant to clarithromycin, azithromycin, and roxithromycin, but intermediately resistant to rokitamycin (MIC,
0.5 to 
2 µg/ml). Strain O14 was intermediately resistant to
azithromycin and roxithromycin (MICs, 0.5 to 2 µg/ml) and sensitive to rokitamycin (MIC, 0.25 µg/ml). Seven strains were intermediately resistant to 14- and 15-member macrolides.
TABLE 1.
In vitro activity of macrolide antibiotics for
S. oralis and S. mitis
TABLE 2.
MIC of macrolides in the presence and absence of
inducera for erythromycin-resistant strains
As shown in Table 2, all erythromycin-resistant strains were more sensitive to rokitamycin than other macrolides. To determine whether resistance could be induced, MICs of 16-member macrolides for cells grown in medium with or without a sub-MIC of erythromycin were examined. Highly resistant strains SO12, SO13, O14, E2, and E21 were induced to develop resistance to rokitamycin, midecamycin, and leucomycin. Strain E3 was highly resistant to midecamycin and leucomycin, even when cultured without erythromycin, and rokitamycin resistance was not induced. The intermediately resistant strains, O24, E17, E11, E27, and E30, did not develop resistance to 16-member macrolides after erythromycin induction.
To clarify the mechanisms of resistance, PCR amplification of
macrolide-resistant genes was performed. PCR primers for the erm (23S rRNA methylase) gene were designed based on the
sequence of corresponding genes from other organisms. The highly
resistant strains gave a distinct band of the expected 530-bp size from position 103 to position 633 of the erm gene. PCR products
from these strains and S. salivarius E37 were sequenced
(Fig. 1). Sequences from strains E2, E21,
and E30 were identical to those of the gene encoding the rRNA methylase
on transposon Tn917 (4). Those from other strains
had ~98% homology to Tn917. The nucleotide changes in
strains SO12, SO13, and E37 resulted in six, four, and two amino acid
alterations, respectively, but did not affect the reading frame. Primer
sets for the mefE gene were designed based on the sequence
of that gene in S. pneumoniae (GenBank U83667). The
intermediately resistant strains O24, E17, and E3 and highly resistant
strain O14 gave the expected band (approximately 1,200 bp) for the
mefE gene encoding the macrolide efflux pump
(18). The sequences of DNA obtained from PCR amplification
for mefE in strains O24, E3, and E17 were analyzed. These
sequences were identical to those at positions 30 to 1190 of the
corresponding mefE gene. Less erythromycin accumulated in
mefE-positive strain E17 than in mefE-negative
strain E1 15 min after the addition of
[N-methyl-14C]erythromycin (data not shown).
Accumulation of erythromycin in the mefE-positive strain was
restored by addition of proton conductors, suggesting that a macrolide
efflux system exists in strain E17. For genes encoding
macrolide-inactivating enzyme, ereA, ereB, and
mphE and macrolide efflux genes msr and
mefA (17), PCR amplification was performed with
DNA from macrolide-resistant strains; however, no PCR products have
been detected.
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Although erm genes encoding rRNA methylase are present in various organisms, such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus, and macrolide resistance is widespread in bacteria associated with humans (4, 15, 17), the potential reservoir for erm genes is unknown. It has been reported that the genes lie on various transposable elements or conjugal plasmids (4, 11, 14). In the present study, we showed that the nucleotide sequences of PCR products obtained with erm primers from some strains were identical to the rRNA methylase gene in Enterococcus faecalis transposon Tn917, while those from S. oralis SO12 and S. mitis SO13 were highly homologous with the ermB gene from conjugal plasmid pIP501 of Streptococcus agalactiae (3, 4). In the upstream region, the sequence homologous to LR, an internal sequence of Tn917 has been found (16) (data not shown). S. oralis and S. mitis are major species in the oral and nasal normal flora. The results of this study suggest the transmission of macrolide-resistant genes between oral streptococci and other more virulent streptococci.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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We thank Kurumi Sugawara, Etsuko Lee, Noriko Hayashi, and Fumiko Aikawa for excellent technical assistance.
This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (no. 10671703) to T.O. from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University School of Dentistry, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan. Phone: (81-88) 633-9122. Fax: (81-88) 633-7390. E-mail: ono{at}dent.tokushima-u.ac.jp.
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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, April 2000, p. 1078-1080, Vol. 44, No. 4
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Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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