This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Cuenca-Estrella, M.
Right arrow Articles by Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Cuenca-Estrella, M.
Right arrow Articles by Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, November 2002, p. 3644-3647, Vol. 46, No. 11
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.11.3644-3647.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Comparative Evaluation of NCCLS M27-A and EUCAST Broth Microdilution Procedures for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Candida Species

Manuel Cuenca-Estrella,1 Wendy Lee-Yang,2 Meral A. Ciblak,2 Beth A. Arthington-Skaggs,2 Emilia Mellado,1 David W. Warnock,2 and Juan L. Rodriguez-Tudela1*

Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain,1 Mycotic Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia2

Received 23 May 2002/ Returned for modification 28 June 2002/ Accepted 14 August 2002


arrow
ABSTRACT
 
A two-laboratory study was performed to evaluate the correlation between the NCCLS M27-A and EUCAST microdilution procedures for antifungal testing of Candida spp. A panel of 109 bloodstream isolates was tested against amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, and itraconazole. Overall, the agreement was 92% and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90 (P < 0.05).


arrow
TEXT
 
The Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AFST-EUCAST) has developed a proposed standard broth microdilution procedure for the determination of antifungal MICs of fermentative species of yeasts (5). This standard is based on the M27-A broth microdilution reference procedure of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) (6) but incorporates some modifications in order to allow for automation of the susceptibility method and to permit the incubation period to be shortened from 48 to 24 h (4, 13). The modifications include the use of RPMI 1640 supplemented with 2% glucose as the test medium, an inoculum size of 0.5 x 105 to 2.5 x 105 CFU/ml, flat-bottomed trays, and spectrophotometric reading with a 50% inhibition endpoint for azole agents and flucytosine (5). A recent multicenter collaborative study has confirmed that the EUCAST procedure for antifungal susceptibility testing is a reproducible method, with an overall level of agreement between laboratories of 94% (M. Cuenca-Estrella, C. B. Moore, F. Barchiesi, J. Bille, E. Chryssanthou, D. W. Denning, J. P. Donnelly, F. Dromer, B. Dupont, J. H. Rex, M. D. Richardson, B. Sancak, P. E. Verweij, J. L. Rodríguez-Tudela and The AFST Subcommittee of European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing, Abstr. 41st Intersci. Conf. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., abstr. J569, 2001). In addition, a previous evaluation showed that MICs obtained by the EUCAST broth microdilution method are in close agreement with those obtained using the NCCLS reference procedure (4).

We performed a two-laboratory collaborative study to compare the susceptibility test results obtained by the NCCLS and EUCAST methodologies. We tested a panel of 109 bloodstream isolates of five different Candida spp. against amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, and itraconazole. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention performed susceptibility testing as outlined in NCCLS document M27-A (6). The Spanish National Center for Microbiology determined MICs of antifungal agents using the AFST-EUCAST proposed standard procedure.

A total of 109 bloodstream isolates of Candida spp. (21 Candida albicans isolates, 19 Candida tropicalis isolates, 29 Candida parapsilosis isolates, 20 Candida glabrata isolates, and 20 Candida krusei isolates) were selected from a collection of strains obtained as part of a population-based active surveillance program in Baltimore, Md., and the state of Connecticut. Species identification was confirmed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention using standard methods, including API20C biochemical profiles, and morphological appearance on Dalmau cornmeal agar plates. C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and C. krusei ATCC 6258 were used as quality control strains in each set of experiments (6).

The antifungal agents used in this study were the following: amphotericin B (Sigma Aldrich Química, Madrid, Spain, and Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton N.J.), flucytosine (Sigma Aldrich Química, Madrid, Spain, and Hoffman La Roche, Nutley, N.J.), fluconazole (Pfizer, Madrid, Spain, and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Group, Central Research Division, Groton, Conn.), and itraconazole (Janssen Pharmaceutica, Madrid, Spain, and Janssen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium).

NCCLS susceptibility testing procedure. Stock solutions were prepared in water (flucytosine and fluconazole) or dimethyl sulfoxide) (amphotericin B and itraconazole). Further dilutions of each antifungal agent were prepared with RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) which had been buffered to pH 7.0 with 0.165 M morpholinopropanesulfonic acid (Sigma), as outlined in document M27-A. The drug dilutions were dispensed into 96-well round-bottom microdilution plates that were sealed and stored frozen at -70°C until needed. The yeast inoculum was adjusted to a concentration of 0.5 x 103 to 2.5 x 103 CFU/ml (6), and an aliquot of 100 µl was added to each well of the microdilution plate. The plates were incubated at 35°C for 48 h.

EUCAST susceptibility testing procedure. Stock solutions were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide, except flucytosine, which was dissolved in sterile distilled water (5). The assay medium was RPMI 1640 without sodium bicarbonate and with L-glutamine buffered to pH 7.0 with 0.165 M morpholinopropanesulfonic acid and supplemented with 18 g of glucose per liter to reach a final concentration of 2% (RPMI-2% glucose; Oxoid S.A., Madrid, Spain). Culture medium was prepared as a double-strength solution and sterilized by filtration. Sterile plastic microtitration plates containing flat-bottomed wells were utilized (Corning Costar Europe, Badhoevedorp, The Netherlands). The plates contained 100 µl of twofold serial dilutions of the antifungal drugs per well. Two drug-free medium wells for sterility and growth controls were employed. The final inoculum suspension contained between 0.5 x 105 and 2.5 x 105 CFU/ml, and an aliquot of 100 µl was added to each well of the microdilution plate. The plates were incubated at 35°C for 48 h.

Endpoint determination: NCCLS procedure. Endpoints were determined by visual reading. The plates were agitated prior to reading to ensure that the contents were resuspended. The MICs of flucytosine, fluconazole, and itraconazole were determined according to a 0-to-4 scale (6). The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of drug that produced a prominent decrease in turbidity compared with that of the drug-free control (score < 2). For amphotericin B, the MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the drug that completely inhibited the growth of the strain (6).

Endpoint determination: EUCAST procedure. The optical density of each microplate well was measured after 24 h of incubation with a microplate spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 530 nm (Dynatech, Cultek, Madrid Spain). For flucytosine and the azoles, the MIC endpoint was defined as the lowest drug concentration resulting in a reduction of growth of 50% or more compared with growth of the control. For amphotericin B, the endpoint was the lowest concentration that resulted in a reduction in growth of 90% or more compared with growth of the control.

Statistical analysis. The reproducibility of the results obtained by the two laboratories was evaluated by determining the percent agreement between MICs. Agreement was defined as discrepancies in MIC results of no more than two log2 dilutions. In addition, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated. The ICC indicates the correlation between MICs, offering a measurement of statistical significance since it takes into account the number of cases and the absolute value of the MICs. The ICC is expressed based on a maximum value of 1, and a P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Both on-scale and off-scale results were included in the analysis. The off-scale MICs were converted to the next concentration up or down. All statistical analysis was done with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 11.0) (SPSS S.L., Madrid, Spain).

Results and discussion. Table 1 summarizes the in vitro susceptibilities of the 109 isolates of Candida spp. to the four antifungal agents as determined by the two broth microdilution procedures. The data are presented as MIC ranges and geometric MICs obtained after the recommended incubation period for each procedure. A broad range of on-scale MICs was observed with each antifungal agent. In general, the MICs of each agent were typical for each species tested. The MICs for the two quality control isolates were within the accepted limits for both procedures on all occasions (3, 5).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1. Antifungal susceptibilities of 109 isolates of Candida spp. as determined by two standardized broth microdilution procedures

Table 2 details the levels of agreement and ICCs between the two broth microdilution procedures for each Candida spp. and each antifungal agent when the MICs were determined after the recommended incubation period (NCCLS, 48 h; EUCAST, 24 h). Overall, levels of agreement were high, ranging from 80.7 to 100% by antifungal agent and 81.9 to 97.4% by organism. In general, the levels of agreement were similar for the different Candida spp. tested; however, lower levels of agreement were observed for C. tropicalis (Table 2). By antifungal agent, the highest level of agreement between the two procedures was obtained with flucytosine and the lowest was obtained with itraconazole (80.7%). Table 2 also summarizes the ICCs and statistical significance for each antifungal agent and Candida species combination. Overall, the ICC was 0.90, a value that was statistically significant (P < 0.05).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 2. Agreement and ICC between NCCLS and EUCAST broth microdilution procedures

The NCCLS M27-A reference procedure has proved to be a reliable and reproducible method for susceptibility testing of yeasts since its introduction in 1997 (6). However, despite the considerable effort that went into the development and evaluation of this procedure, the NCCLS method still has some unresolved limitations. These include the trailing growth phenomenon seen in tests with azole antifungal agents, the unreliable detection of resistance to amphotericin B, the subjective visual determination of MIC endpoints, and the need for an extended turnaround time to obtain the MIC (7, 8). Nevertheless, the NCCLS M27-A procedure is generally accepted as the reference method for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts and as the procedure with which any new methods in this field must be compared (12).

The EUCAST proposed standard procedure has been developed for the determination of antifungal drug MICs for fermentative species of yeasts by broth microdilution methodology (5). This method is based on the NCCLS procedure, and preliminary studies have demonstrated a high level of agreement between the results obtained with the two methods (4). The results of this two-laboratory collaborative study showed a high level of agreement between the NCCLS broth microdilution reference method and the EUCAST proposed standard procedure. The overall level of agreement was 92% when MICs obtained after recommended incubation periods (NCCLS, 48 h; EUCAST, 24 h) were compared. For most isolates included in the study, the difference in MICs between readings at 24 and 48 h was minimal. However, some strains showed lower rates of agreement, particularly for fluconazole and itraconazole MICs. Four clinical isolates (two of C. tropicalis and two of C. glabrata) were categorized as fluconazole susceptible using EUCAST methodology and as fluconazole resistant by the NCCLS procedure (11). In addition, 11 strains (five C. tropicalis strains, four C. glabrata strains, and two C. krusei strains) were categorized as itraconazole susceptible by the EUCAST procedure and itraconazole resistant or susceptible, depending on dose, by the NCCLS method. Some of these strains (C. tropicalis isolates) exhibited significant trailing growth, such that the MICs after 48 h were markedly higher than after 24 h. It should be noted that the recommended incubation time is 24 h for the EUCAST method and 48 h for the NCCLS procedure. It has previously been estimated that about 5% of C. albicans isolates display trailing growth when tested against fluconazole (2). More recently, Arthington-Skaggs et al. (1) found that 16 to 18% of C. albicans bloodstream isolates showed trailing in tests with fluconazole and itraconazole while 30 to 59% of C. tropicalis isolates displayed this phenomenon. However, both this in vitro study and two in vivo investigations that employed murine models of disseminated candidiasis have shown that isolates exhibiting this phenomenon should be categorized as susceptible rather than resistant (2, 10, 14). This concept has been supported by a clinical demonstration that oropharyngeal candidiasis due to strains exhibiting significant trailing growth responds to low doses of fluconazole, similar to those used to treat infections due to typical susceptible isolates (9). It is apparent that the trailing phenomenon can be an important potential source of inaccuracy in MIC determination after 48 h of incubation. A recent study that used the M27-A methodology suggests that MIC results determined by visual reading after 24 h or by spectrophotometric reading after 48 h may be more predictive of in vivo outcome for isolates that give unclear visual endpoints at 48 h due to trailing growth (1).

In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that antifungal susceptibility results obtained by using the AFST-EUCAST proposed standard reference procedure are in close agreement with those achieved by the NCCLS M27-A procedure. In addition, the proposed EUCAST standard has the advantage of reducing the incubation time needed to determine the MIC.

(This work was presented in part at the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, Ill., 2001.)


arrow
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
This work was supported in part by research project 99/1199 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III.

We thank Pfizer and Janssen Pharmaceutica for supplying the antifungal powders.


arrow
FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. de Majadahonda a Pozuelo Km. 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain. Phone: 34 91 5097961. Fax: 34 91 5097966. E-mail: juanl.rodriguez-tudela{at}isciii.es. Back


arrow
REFERENCES
 
    1
  1. Arthington-Skaggs, B. A., W. Lee-Yang, M. A. Ciblak, J. P. Frade, M. E. Brandt, R. A. Hajjeh, L. H. Harrison, A. N. Sofair, and A. D. Warnock. 2002. Comparison of visual and spectrophotometric methods of broth microdilution MIC end point determination and evaluation of a sterol quantitation method for in vitro susceptibility testing of fluconazole and itraconazole against trailing and nontrailing Candida isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:2477-2481.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    2. 2
  2. Arthington-Skaggs, B. A., D. W. Warnock, and C. J. Morrison. 2000. Quantitation of Candida albicans ergosterol content improves the correlation between in vitro antifungal susceptibility test results and in vivo outcome after fluconazole treatment in a murine model of invasive candidiasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:2081-2085.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    3. 3
  3. Barry, A. L., M. A. Pfaller, S. D. Brown, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Ghannoum, C. Knapp, R. P. Rennie, J. H. Rex, and M. G. Rinaldi. 2000. Quality control limits for broth microdilution susceptibility tests of ten antifungal agents. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:3457-3459.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    4. 4
  4. Cuenca-Estrella, M., T. M. Diaz-Guerra, E. Mellado, and J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela. 2001. Influence of glucose supplementation and inoculum size on growth kinetics and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:525-532.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    5. 5
  5. European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility. 2002. Method for determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by broth dilution of fermentative yeasts. Discussion document E. Dis. 7.1. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Taufkirchen, Germany.
    6. 6
  6. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 1997. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Approved standard M27-A. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa.
    7. 7
  7. Odds, F. C., L. Vranckx, and F. Woestenborghs. 1995. Antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts: evaluation of technical variables for test automation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:2051-2060.[Abstract]
    8. 8
  8. Pfaller, M. A., M. G. Rinaldi, J. N. Galgiani, M. S. Bartlett, B. A. Body, A. Espinel-Ingroff, R. A. Fromtling, G. S. Hall, C. E. Hughes, and F. C. Odds. 1990. Collaborative investigation of variables in susceptibility testing of yeasts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34:1648-1654.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    9. 9
  9. Revankar, S. G., W. R. Kirkpatrick, R. K. McAtee, A. W. Fothergill, S. W. Redding, M. G. Rinaldi, and T. F. Patterson. 1998. Interpretation of trailing endpoints in antifungal susceptibility testing by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards method. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:153-156.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    10. 10
  10. Rex, J. H., P. W. Nelson, V. L. Paetznick, M. Lozano-Chiu, A. Espinel-Ingroff, and E. J. Anaissie. 1998. Optimizing the correlation between results of testing in vitro and therapeutic outcome in vivo for fluconazole by testing critical isolates in a murine model of invasive candidiasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42:129-134.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    11. 11
  11. Rex, J. H., M. A. Pfaller, J. N. Galgiani, M. S. Bartlett, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Ghannoum, M. Lancaster, F. C. Odds, M. G. Rinaldi, T. J. Walsh, and A. L. Barry. 1997. Development of interpretive breakpoints for antifungal susceptibility testing: conceptual framework and analysis of in vitro-in vivo correlation data for fluconazole, itraconazole, and candida infections. Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24:235-247.[Medline]
    12. 12
  12. Rex, J. H., M. A. Pfaller, T. J. Walsh, V. Chaturvedi, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. A. Ghannoum, L. L. Gosey, F. C. Odds, M. G. Rinaldi, D. J. Sheehan, and D. W. Warnock. 2001. Antifungal susceptibility testing: practical aspects and current challenges. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14:643-658.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    13. 13
  13. Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., M. Cuenca-Estrella, T. M. Diaz-Guerra, and E. Mellado. 2001. Standardization of antifungal susceptibility variables for a semiautomated methodology. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:2513-2517.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    14. 14
  14. Warn, P. A., J. Morrissey, C. B. Moore, and D. W. Denning. 2000. In vivo activity of amphotericin B lipid complex in immunocompromised mice against fluconazole-resistant or fluconazole-susceptible Candida tropicalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:2664-2671.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, November 2002, p. 3644-3647, Vol. 46, No. 11
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.11.3644-3647.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Pfaller, M. A., Boyken, L. B., Hollis, R. J., Kroeger, J., Messer, S. A., Tendolkar, S., Diekema, D. J. (2008). Validation of 24-Hour Fluconazole MIC Readings versus the CLSI 48-Hour Broth Microdilution Reference Method: Results from a Global Candida Antifungal Surveillance Program. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 3585-3590 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Rex, J. H., Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J., Alexander, B. D., Andes, D., Brown, S. D., Chaturvedi, V., Ghannoum, M. A., Knapp, C. C., Sheehan, D. J., Walsh, T. J. (2008). Rationale for Reading Fluconazole MICs at 24 Hours Rather than 48 Hours When Testing Candida spp. by the CLSI M27-A2 Standard Method. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 4175-4177 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cuenca-Estrella, M., Gomez-Lopez, A., Gutierrez, M. O., Buitrago, M. J., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L. (2008). Reliability of the WIDERYST Susceptibility Testing System for Detection of In Vitro Antifungal Resistance in Yeasts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 1062-1065 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J., Procop, G. W., Rinaldi, M. G. (2007). Multicenter Comparison of the VITEK 2 Antifungal Susceptibility Test with the CLSI Broth Microdilution Reference Method for Testing Amphotericin B, Flucytosine, and Voriconazole against Candida spp.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 3522-3528 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., Almirante, B., Rodriguez-Pardo, D., Laguna, F., Donnelly, J. P., Mouton, J. W., Pahissa, A., Cuenca-Estrella, M. (2007). Correlation of the MIC and Dose/MIC Ratio of Fluconazole to the Therapeutic Response of Patients with Mucosal Candidiasis and Candidemia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 3599-3604 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Odds, F. C., Hanson, M. F., Davidson, A. D., Jacobsen, M. D., Wright, P., Whyte, J. A., Gow, N. A. R., Jones, B. L. (2007). One year prospective survey of Candida bloodstream infections in Scotland. J Med Microbiol 56: 1066-1075 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • da Matta, V. L. R., Melhem, M. d. S. C., Colombo, A. L., Moretti, M. L., Rodero, L., de Almeida, G. M. D., Martins, M. d. A., Costa, S. F., Souza Dias, M. B. G., Nucci, M., Levin, A. S. (2007). Antifungal Drug Susceptibility Profile of Pichia anomala Isolates from Patients Presenting with Nosocomial Fungemia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 1573-1576 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J., Procop, G. W., Rinaldi, M. G. (2007). Multicenter Comparison of the VITEK 2 Yeast Susceptibility Test with the CLSI Broth Microdilution Reference Method for Testing Fluconazole against Candida spp.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 796-802 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pavie, J., Lacroix, C., Hermoso, D. G., Robin, M., Ferry, C., Bergeron, A., Feuilhade, M., Dromer, F., Gluckman, E., Molina, J.-M., Ribaud, P. (2005). Breakthrough Disseminated Aspergillus ustus Infection in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Receiving Voriconazole or Caspofungin Prophylaxis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 4902-4904 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Warn, P. A., Sharp, A., Morrissey, G., Denning, D. W. (2005). Activity of aminocandin (IP960) compared with amphotericin B and fluconazole in a neutropenic murine model of disseminated infection caused by a fluconazole-resistant strain of Candida tropicalis. J Antimicrob Chemother 56: 590-593 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Espinel-Ingroff, A., Barchiesi, F., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Pfaller, M. A., Rinaldi, M., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., Verweij, P. E. (2005). International and Multicenter Comparison of EUCAST and CLSI M27-A2 Broth Microdilution Methods for Testing Susceptibilities of Candida spp. to Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, and Voriconazole. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 3884-3889 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pinjon, E., Jackson, C. J., Kelly, S. L., Sanglard, D., Moran, G., Coleman, D. C., Sullivan, D. J. (2005). Reduced Azole Susceptibility in Genotype 3 Candida dubliniensis Isolates Associated with Increased CdCDR1 and CdCDR2 Expression. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 1312-1318 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gomez-Lopez, A., Mellado, E., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., Cuenca-Estrella, M. (2005). Susceptibility profile of 29 clinical isolates of Rhodotorula spp. and literature review. J Antimicrob Chemother 55: 312-316 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cuenca-Estrella, M., Rodriguez, D., Almirante, B., Morgan, J., Planes, A. M., Almela, M., Mensa, J., Sanchez, F., Ayats, J., Gimenez, M., Salvado, M., Warnock, D. W., Pahissa, A., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., on behalf of the Barcelona Candidemia Project Stud, (2005). In vitro susceptibilities of bloodstream isolates of Candida species to six antifungal agents: results from a population-based active surveillance programme, Barcelona, Spain, 2002-2003. J Antimicrob Chemother 55: 194-199 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cuenca-Estrella, M., Gomez-Lopez, A., Mellado, E., Garcia-Effron, G., Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L. (2004). In Vitro Activities of Ravuconazole and Four Other Antifungal Agents against Fluconazole-Resistant or -Susceptible Clinical Yeast Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 3107-3111 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Odds, F. C., Motyl, M., Andrade, R., Bille, J., Canton, E., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Davidson, A., Durussel, C., Ellis, D., Foraker, E., Fothergill, A. W., Ghannoum, M. A., Giacobbe, R. A., Gobernado, M., Handke, R., Laverdiere, M., Lee-Yang, W., Merz, W. G., Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., Peman, J., Perea, S., Perfect, J. R., Pfaller, M. A., Proia, L., Rex, J. H., Rinaldi, M. G., Rodriguez-Tudela, J.-L., Schell, W. A., Shields, C., Sutton, D. A., Verweij, P. E., Warnock, D. W. (2004). Interlaboratory Comparison of Results of Susceptibility Testing with Caspofungin against Candida and Aspergillus Species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 3475-3482 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Cuenca-Estrella, M.
Right arrow Articles by Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Cuenca-Estrella, M.
Right arrow Articles by Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L.

Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»