AAC
Home Help [Feedback] [For Subscribers] [Archive] [Search] [Contents]
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Goldstein, E. J. C.
Right arrow Articles by Fernandez, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Goldstein, E. J. C.
Right arrow Articles by Fernandez, H.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, March 2002, p. 866-870, Vol. 46, No. 3
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.3.866-870.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

In Vitro Activities of the Des-Fluoro(6) Quinolone BMS-284756 against Aerobic and Anaerobic Pathogens Isolated from Skin and Soft Tissue Animal and Human Bite Wound Infections

Ellie J. C. Goldstein,1,2* Diane M. Citron,2 C. Vreni Merriam,2 Yumi A. Warren,2 Kerin L. Tyrrell,2 and Helen Fernandez2

R. M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Monica-University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center, Santa Monica, California 90404,2 the University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 900731

Received 16 April 2001/ Returned for modification 29 October 2001/ Accepted 21 November 2001


   ABSTRACT
Top
 Abstract
Text
 References
 
BMS-284756, a new des-fluoro(6) quinolone, was very active against 240 aerobic and 180 anaerobic isolates from bite victims. It inhibited 403 of 420 (96%) isolates, including those of Moraxella spp., CDC group EF-4, and Eikenella corrodens at <=2 µg/ml and those of all Pasteurella spp. and Bergeyella zoohelcum at <=0.015 µg/ml. Fusobacterium russii and 6 of 11 Fusobacterium nucleatum isolates of animal bite origin were resistant, but isolates of human bite origin were susceptible, which suggests that they were of a different subspecies.


   TEXT
Top
 Abstract
 Text
References
 
Many of the 4.5 million Americans bitten by animals or humans each year require either therapeutic or prophylactic antimicrobial therapy; approximately 30,000 of these patients visit an emergency department for medical treatment, and an additional 10,000 are hospitalized with serious wound infections involving complex polymicrobial floras (4, 18). While many patients receive a beta-lactam agent such as amoxicillin-clavulanate, approximately 20% report a history of an adverse reaction to penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics (2) and require an appropriate alternative agent.

Older fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, have limited activities against certain gram-positive aerobes and many anaerobic species typically encountered in human and animal bite wounds (5, 7). BMS-284756 {T-3811ME; 1-cyclopropyl-8-(difluoromethoxy)-7-[(1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-5-isoindolyl]-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid methanesulfonate monohydrate)} is a new des-fluoro(6) quinolone that lacks the six-position fluorine characterizing the previous generation of fluoroquinolones. Preliminary data indicate that this drug has a broad spectrum of activity against most gram-positive and gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes, including certain strains that are resistant to other fluoroquinolones (3, 8).

Studies have focused on more typical isolates, especially respiratory and intra-abdominal pathogens (8, 17), but have not evaluated the drug against the specific range of bacteria, such as Pasteurella species, Eikenella corrodens, Prevotella heparinolytica, and Porphyromonas macacae, commonly found in human and animal bite wound infections. In this study, we determined the activity of BMS-284756 against 420 aerobic and anaerobic strains recently isolated from such infections in humans. The specific sources of the strains were 117 dog bite, 156 cat bite, 132 human bite, and 15 other animal bite wounds. All isolates were identified by standard criteria (1, 9-13, 16); the numbers and species tested are given in Table 1. Control strains included Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacteroides fragilis ATCC 25285, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1. In vitro activities of BMS-284756 and eight other antimicrobial agents against aerobic and anaerobic human and animal bite pathogens

 
Standard laboratory powders were supplied as follows: BMS-284756 by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, N.J.; amoxicillin-clavulanate by SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia, Pa.; ampicillin-sulbactam by Pfizer Inc., New York, N.Y.; cefotetan by Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, Del.; levofloxacin by Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceuticals, Raritan, N.J.; ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin by Bayer Corp., West Haven, Conn.; and doxycycline and penicillin G by Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. Antimicrobial agents were reconstituted according to the manufacturers' instructions. Serial twofold dilutions were added to the media on the day of testing.

To ensure purity and good growth, frozen cultures were transferred twice on Trypticase soy blood or chocolate agar (Hardy Diagnostics, Santa Maria, Calif.) for the aerobes and on brucella agar supplemented with hemin, vitamin K1, and 5% sheep blood (Anaerobe Systems, Morgan Hill, Calif.) for the anaerobes. Susceptibility testing was performed according to NCCLS standards (14, 15). Supplemented brucella agar was the basal medium used for the anaerobic species and for Eikenella corrodens and Bergeyella zoohelcum. Mueller-Hinton agar was used for staphylococci, and Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood was used for the remainder of the organisms.

The agar plates were inoculated with a Steers replicator (Craft Machine Inc., Chester, Pa.). The inocula used were 104 CFU per spot for aerobic bacteria and 105 CFU for Eikenella corrodens and anaerobic bacteria. Control plates without antimicrobial agents were inoculated before and after the inoculation of each set of plates containing drugs. Plates with aerobic isolates were incubated at 35°C in an aerobic environment for 18 to 20 h and then examined; Eikenella corrodens, fastidious gram-negative bacilli, B. Zoohelcum, and streptococci were incubated in 5% CO2 for 42 to 44 h. Plates with anaerobes were incubated in an anaerobic chamber (Anaerobe Systems) at 35°C for 44 to 48 h. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of an agent that yielded no growth or a marked change in growth compared to that on the control plate.

The full results of the study are presented in Table 1. At <=2 µg/ml, BMS-284756 inhibited 96% (403 of 420) of the isolates studied and was the most active of the tested quinolones against enterococci, staphylococci, streptococci, and most of the anaerobic species. Overall, BMS-284756 and moxifloxacin had comparable activities, with BMS-284756 MICs generally being 1 dilution lower. All aerobic isolates except one (239 of 240; 99%), a strain of Corynebacterium jeikeium, were susceptible to BMS-284756 at <=1 µg/ml, while all Pasteurella species and Bergeyella zoohelcum were susceptible to BMS-284756 at <=0.015 µg/ml. BMS-284756 was also highly active against fastidious gram-negative organisms such as Haemophilus spp. and Capnocytophaga spp. It was slightly less active than the other quinolones against Neisseria spp. and Eikenella corrodens but still demonstrated a high level of effectiveness (MIC90 [the MIC at which 90% of the organisms were inhibited], 0.06 µg/ml) against both.

Hoellman et al. (8) studied the activity of BMS-284756 against 357 recently isolated anaerobes of human origin and found the MIC50 and MIC90 to be 0.5 and 2.0 µg/ml, respectively. In our study, BMS-284756 was active against 164 of 180 (91%) anaerobic isolates at <=2 µg/ml (overall MIC90, 1µg/ml), and it compared favorably with the other quinolones against Campylobacter spp. (MIC90, 1 µg/ml) and Eubacterium spp. (MIC90, 0.25 µg/ml), as well as against Porphyromonas spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Bacteroides tectus, and most strains of Prevotella spp. The overall MIC90s of the other quinolones were as follows: 2 µg/ml for moxifloxacin, 4 µg/ml for levofloxacin, and 8 µg/ml for ciprofloxacin.

BMS-284756, along with the other quinolones, including moxifloxacin, was less active against many strains of fusobacteria of animal bite origin. All nine strains of Fusobacterium russii and 6 of 11 animal bite strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum were resistant and required >=4 µg of BMS-284756 per ml for inhibition. Conversely, all 14 F. nucleatum strains of human bite origin were susceptible to BMS-284756 at <=0.5 µg/ml. While 3 of 12 F. nucleatum isolates from animal bites produced beta-lactamase, none of the 14 isolates from human bites produced beta-lactamase.

Prior studies (6, 7) have noted that some strains of F. nucleatum are resistant to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and other quinolones but did not differentiate between animal and human sources. One could speculate that the resistance found in the present study might be associated with the use of fluoroquinolones for veterinary infections and in animal feed for growth enhancement. However, this explanation seems unlikely. A more likely cause of resistance appears to be that the animal strains of F. nucleatum are of one subspecies with an intrinsic resistance to quinolones, which they also share with other species, such as F. russii, and that the human strains are of a different subspecies. Further molecular studies are in progress to clarify this finding.

BMS-284756 has an excellent broad spectrum of activity and consequently merits further evaluation as a therapeutic alternative in animal and human bite wound infections.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
This study was supported in part by a grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.

We thank Judee H. Knight and Alice E. Goldstein for assistance.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: 2021 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite 740 East, Santa Monica, CA 90404. Phone: (310) 315-1511. Fax: (310) 315-3662. E-mail: EJCGMD{at}aol.com. Back


   REFERENCES
Top
 Abstract
 Text
 References
 

  1. Alexander, C. J., D. M. Citron, S. H. Gerardo, M. C. Claros, D. Talan, and E. J. C. Goldstein. 1997. Characterization of saccharolytic Bacteroides and Prevotella isolates from infected dog and cat bite wounds in humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:406-411.[Abstract]
  2. Chambers, H. F., and H. C. Neu. 1995. Penicillins, p. 233-245. In G. L. Mandel, J. E. Bennett, and R. Dolin (ed.), Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone Inc., New York, N.Y.
  3. Fung-Tomc, J. C., B. Minassian, B. Kolek, E. Huczko, L. Aleksunes, T. Stickle, T. Washo, E. Gradelski, L. Valera, and D. P. Bonner. 2000. Antibacterial spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, BMS-284756. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:3351-3356.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Goldstein, E. J. C. 1992. Bite wounds and infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:633-640.[Medline]
  5. Goldstein, E. J. C. 1998. New horizons in the bacteriology, antimicrobial susceptibility and therapy of animal bite wounds. J. Med. Microbiol. 47:1-3.[Medline]
  6. Goldstein, E. J. C., D. M. Citron, M. Hudspeth, S. H. Gerardo, and C. V. Merriam. 1997. In vitro activity of Bay 12-8039, a new 8-methoxyquinolone, compared to the activities of 11 other oral antimicrobial agents against 390 aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from human and animal bite wound skin and soft tissue infections in humans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:1552-1557.[Abstract]
  7. Goldstein, E. J. C., D. M. Citron, M. Hudspeth, S. H. Gerardo, and C. V. Merriam. 1998. Trovafloxacin compared with levofloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and clarithromycin against unusual aerobic and anaerobic human and animal bite-wound pathogens. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41:391-396.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Hoellman, D. B., L. M. Kelly, M. R. Jacobs, and P. C. Appelbaum. 2001. Comparative antianaerobic activity of BMS 284756. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:589-592.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Holdeman, L. V., and W. E. C. Moore. 1977. Anaerobic laboratory manual, 4th ed. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg.
  10. Hudspeth, M. K., S. H. Gerardo, D. M. Citron, and E. J. C. Goldstein. 1997. Growth characteristics and a novel method for identification (the WEE-TAB system) of Porphyromonas species isolated from infected dog and cat bite wounds in humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2450-2453.[Abstract]
  11. Hudspeth, M. K., S. H. Gerardo, D. M. Citron, and E. J. C. Goldstein. 1998. Evaluation of the RapID CB Plus system for identification of Corynebacterium species and other gram-positive rods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:543-547.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  12. Murray, P. R., E. J. Baron, M. A. Pfaller, F. C. Tenover, and R. H. Yolken. 1995. Manual of clinical microbiology, 6th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
  13. Mutters, R., P. Ihm, S. Pohl, W. Frederiksen, and W. Mannheim. 1985. Reclassification of the genus Pasteurella Trevisan 1887 on the basis of deoxyribonucleic acid homology, with proposals for the new species Pasteurella dagmatis, Pasteurella canis, Pasteurella stomatis, Pasteurella anatis, and Pasteurella langaa. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35:309-322.
  14. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 1998. Method for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing for bacteria that grow aerobically, 4th ed. Approved standard M7-A4. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa.
  15. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 1997. Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria, 4th ed. Approved standard M11-A4. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa.
  16. Summanen, P., E. J. Baron, D. M. Citron, C. A. Strong, H. M. Wexler, and S. M. Finegold. 1993. Wadsworth anaerobic bacteriology manual, 5th ed. Star Publishing Co., Belmont, Calif.
  17. Takahata, M., J. Mitsuyama, Y. Yamashiro, M. Yonezawa, H. Araki, Y. Todo, S. Minami, Y. Watanabe, and H. Narita. 1999. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of T-3811ME, a novel des-F(6)-quinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:1077-1084.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Talan, D. A., D. M. Citron, F. A. Abrahamian, G. J. Moran, E. J. C. Goldstein, and the Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study Group. 1999. The bacteriology and management of dog and cat bite wound infections presenting to emergency departments. N. Engl. J. Med. 340:85-92.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, March 2002, p. 866-870, Vol. 46, No. 3
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.3.866-870.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Goldstein, E. J. C.
Right arrow Articles by Fernandez, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Goldstein, E. J. C.
Right arrow Articles by Fernandez, H.

Home Help [Feedback] [For Subscribers] [Archive] [Search] [Contents]
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
J. Clin. Microbiol. ALL ASM JOURNALS