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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2002, p. 2007-2009, Vol. 46, No. 6
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.6.2007-2009.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Activities of Therapeutic Agents and Myristamidopropyl Dimethylamine against Acanthamoeba Isolates

Simon Kilvington,1* Reanne Hughes,1 James Byas,1 and John Dart2

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN,1 Department of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom2

Received 7 January 2002/ Returned for modification 2 February 2002/ Accepted 5 March 2002


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ABSTRACT
 
The activities of therapeutic agents and myristamidopropyl dimethylamine (MAPD) against Acanthamoeba strains recalcitrant to medical therapy were studied. MAPD minimum cysticidal concentrations were 6.25 to 25 µg/ml; 10 to 30 µg/ml gave at least a 3-log cyst kill after 6 h, and 50 and 100 µg/ml gave at least a 3-log cyst kill within 2 and 1 h, respectively.


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TEXT
 
Keratitis caused by the free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba is one of the most difficult ocular infections to manage successfully due to the resistance of the organism's cyst stage to most antimicrobial agents at concentrations tolerated by the cornea (10, 11). Successful medical therapy has been reported using topical application of the diamidine compound propamidine isethionate alone or in combination with the aminoglycoside neomycin (16) and with antifungal imidazole derivatives such as miconazole and itraconazole (9). However, the rationale for the use of many of these agents is not supported by Acanthamoeba sensitivity testing, which has shown that while aminoglycoside and imidazole agents are active against the trophozoites, the cysts are markedly resistant (11, 12, 16).

The introduction of the polymeric biguanide polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) as a 0.02% topical solution, either alone or in combination therapy, has improved the prognosis for acanthamoeba keratitis and studies have confirmed its in vitro and in vivo superiority over other treatments (4, 6, 11, 12). Similar success has also been recorded with topical chlorhexidine digluconate (0.02%), which has also been shown to have good cysticidal activity (15). The propamidine homologue hexamidine di-isethionate has been shown to have greater cysticidal activity than propamidine and has been used alone and in combination therapy with PHMB or chlorhexidine to treat acanthamoeba keratitis (2, 14).

Despite these advances in the treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis, failures still occur, necessitating prolonged and intensive medical therapy, surgical intervention, and the possible permanent loss of visual acuity or enucleation of the eye (1, 6, 11, 13). A new antimicrobial agent (myristamidopropyl dimethylamine [MAPD]) present in Opti-Free Express Multi-Purpose Disinfecting solution for contact lenses has been shown to exhibit anti-acanthamoeba activity (3). To address the need for improved therapeutic agents, we have studied the cysticidal activity of MAPD against acanthamoeba keratitis strains.

Nine clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba, eight of which showed a poor response to conventional medical therapy, were studied. For the minimum cysticidal concentration (MCC) studies, cysts were obtained from prolonged incubation of the trophozoites on nonnutrient agar-Escherichia coli in air at 32°C for 7 days (10). For the time-kill studies with MAPD, cysts were obtained by growing trophozoites in the semidefined axenic medium supplemented after autoclaving with filter-sterilized 50 mM MgCl2 (#6-Mg medium). Trophozoites were inoculated at 105/ml in 100 ml of medium in an upright 175-cm2 disposable tissue culture flask for incubation at 32°C in air with shaking at 100 rpm for 7 days. The cysts were recovered from the flask, washed three times with 1/4 strength Ringer's solution by centrifugation at 1,000 x g for 10 min, and stored at 4°C for testing within 14 days.

The following therapeutic and experimental agents were studied: 0.1% propamidine isethionate (Brolene Rhone-Poulenc, Rorer, England), 0.1% hexamidine di-isethionate (Desomedine, Chauvin Laboratory, Montpellier, France), 0.02% PHMB (Moorfields Eye Hospital Pharmacy, London, England), 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate (Moorfields Eye Hospital Pharmacy), and 0.01% MAPD (Alcon Laboratories Inc., Fort Worth, Tex.).

The MCC assays were performed as described previously (7, 8). The MCC was defined as the lowest concentration of test compound that resulted in no excystment and trophozoite replication after 24 h of exposure. The kinetics of MAPD activity against Acanthamoeba polyphaga (Ac-Ros) #6-Mg cysts were determined as described previously (8). MAPD was dissolved and diluted in 2 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, for testing at 5 to 100 µg/ml. Assays were performed in 20-ml glass universal bottles with 0.1% Tween 80 used as the neutralizer of the MAPD. The effect of test bottle material on MAPD activity against Ac-Ros was investigated in glass, polypropylene, and polystyrene. The activity of MAPD in glass at 50 µg/ml was then studied against the cysts of all Acanthamoeba strains.

The number of surviving cysts in the time-kill studies was calculated as described previously for Acanthamoeba (8). The reduction in organism viability was plotted as the change in log viability for each time point compared to zero time viability. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance or a paired t test.

The MCCs for the therapeutic agents and MAPD against the nine strains are shown in Table 1. The difference in activity between propamidine and hexamidine against the strains was statistically significant (P < 0.001) but that between PHMB, chlorhexidine, and MAPD was not (P > 0.05). The kinetics of MAPD killing of Ac-Ros cysts with 5 to 100 µg/ml are shown in Fig. 1. Maximum log kill with 5 µg/ml was 1.44 ± 0.17 log (mean ± standard error of the mean) at 8 h; with 10 µg/ml was 4.35 ± 0.09 log at 8 h; with 20 µg/ml was 3.38 ± 0.08 log at 6 h; with 30 µg/ml was 4.11 ± 0.11 log at 6 h or 3.62 ± 0.56 log at 4 h; with 50 µg/ml was 4.08 ± 0.34 log at 2 h; and with 100 µg/ml was 4.23 ± 0.11 log at 1 h. MAPD at 50 µg/ml gave total kill of the cyst challenge (3 to 4 log) within 1 h for four of the strains and by 2 h for all nine strains (Table 1).


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  		TABLE 1. Acanthamoeba MCCs and kill rate by MAPD



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  		FIG. 1. Time-kill studies with 5 to 100 µg of MAPD per ml against Ac-Ros cysts. •, 5 µg/ml; {blacksquare}, 10 µg/ml; {blacktriangleup}, 20 µg/ml; {circ}, 30 µg/ml; {square}, 50 µg/ml; {triangleup}, 100 µg/ml.

Loss of MAPD activity was observed when assays were performed in polypropylene and polystyrene tubes. In glass, 10 µg/ml gave 3.44 ± 0.48 log kill of Ac-Ros at 6 h compared to 1.57 ± 0.37 log in polypropylene and 1.96 ± 0.14 log in polystyrene. The decreased activity in polypropylene and polystyrene compared to that in glass is significant at this time point and also at 8 h for polypropylene but not for polystyrene (P < 0.05).

For this study, in vitro drug sensitivity testing showed the strains to be resistant to propamidine isethionate and, to a lesser extent, hexamidine di-isethionate. The greater cysticidal activity of hexamidine di-isethionate than of propamidine isethionate has been noted previously, and the agent has been used in the successful treatment of the infection (2, 14). However, all strains were sensitive to PHMB, chlorhexidine digluconate, and MAPD. Accordingly, there is a poor correlation between in vitro MCC findings and patient response to these therapeutic agents, as has been observed previously (7).

Although the introduction of PHMB and chlorhexidine has dramatically improved the treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis, relapse with continued culture-positive isolation of Acanthamoeba occurs in up to 10% of patients (6, 7, 13). MAPD is a cationic amidoamine also known as stearamidopropyl dimethylamine, N-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl] octadecanamide,or N,N-dimethyl-N'-tetradecanoyl-1,3-propylenediamine.Here, MAPD in 2 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, showed a low MCC for all strains (6.25 to 25 µg/ml) and at 50 µg/ml gave total cyst kill within 1 to 2 h following a challenge inoculum of 3 to 4 log organisms in the time-kill studies.

The mode of action of MAPD and therapeutic agents against Acanthamoeba is not known. In bacteria, PHMB and chlorhexidine cause cytoplasmic membrane damage, resulting in an irreversible loss of essential cellular components following binding to the cell wall (5). The alternative chemical structure and low molecular weight of MAPD (molecular weight, 300) compared to those of PHMB (average molecular weight, 2,340) and chlorhexidine digluconate (molecular weight, 898) might permit better penetration into the cornea to achieve therapeutic levels. The findings of this study indicate that MAPD is an effective Acanthamoeba cysticidal compound and may represent an improved agent in the treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis and, possibly, other forms of microbial keratitis.


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
This study was supported by research grants from Alcon Laboratories Inc., Fort Worth, Tex., and the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (GA324).

We are grateful to Ruth Ann Rosenthal and Barry VanDuzee for helpful comments for the preparation of the manuscript.


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FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leicester, Medical Sciences Building, PO Box 138, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0) 116 252 2950. Fax: 44 (0) 116 252 5030. E-mail: sk46{at}leicester.ac.uk. Back


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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2002, p. 2007-2009, Vol. 46, No. 6
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.6.2007-2009.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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  • Hughes, R., Heaselgrave, W., Kilvington, S. (2003). Acanthamoeba polyphaga Strain Age and Method of Cyst Production Influence the Observed Efficacy of Therapeutic Agents and Contact Lens Disinfectants. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 3080-3084 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hughes, R., Dart, J., Kilvington, S. (2003). Activity of the amidoamine myristamidopropyl dimethylamine against keratitis pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother 51: 1415-1418 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

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