This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Alcalá, L.
Right arrow Articles by Bouza, E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Alcalá, L.
Right arrow Articles by Bouza, E.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, January 2003, p. 416-417, Vol. 47, No. 1
0066-4804/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.47.1.416-417.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

In Vitro Activities of Linezolid against Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis That Are Susceptible or Resistant to First-Line Antituberculous Drugs

Luis Alcalá,* María Jesús Ruiz-Serrano, Cristina Pérez-Fernández Turégano, Darío García de Viedma, Marisol Díaz-Infantes, Mercedes Marín-Arriaza, and Emilio Bouza

Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón," Madrid, Spain

Received 24 May 2002/ Returned for modification 30 July 2002/ Accepted 2 October 2002


arrow
ABSTRACT
 
We evaluated 117 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for susceptibility to linezolid by the proportion and E-test methods. Linezolid showed high in vitro activity, with all the strains inhibited by <=1 µg of the drug per ml. E-test MICs were at least 4 dilutions lower than their equivalents by the standard proportion method.


arrow
TEXT
 
Linezolid is an oxazolidinone whose mechanism of action involves inhibition of protein synthesis at a very early stage (7). This new drug has shown good activity against some gram-positive bacteria, including resistant staphylococci, enterococci, and pneumococci (2, 5, 9). However, information in the literature regarding the activity of linezolid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains is scarce.

We evaluated the in vitro activities of linezolid using the standard and E-test methods against 117 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis with different levels of susceptibility to first-line antituberculous drugs.

(This study was presented in part at the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, Ill., 16 to 19 December 2001.)

The active substance as reference powder and the linezolid E-test strips were provided by Pharmacia Upjohn (Barcelona, Spain). Stock solution was prepared at 10,000 µg/ml in distilled water. Aliquots of the oxazolidinone were frozen at -70°C until use. Staphylococcus aureus strain ATCC 29213 was used as a quality control to assure the potency of the drug and the E-test activity.

A total of 117 isolates of M. tuberculosis from different patients were selected from our laboratory collection (isolates collected in 1988 to 2000). Susceptibility testing on first-line antituberculous drugs (streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol [SIRE]) was performed by the agar proportion method at a reference laboratory. Of all the strains tested, 44 strains (38%) were resistant to at least one SIRE (R-SIRE), 12 strains were resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin, while the remainder were susceptible to the four SIRE drugs (S-SIRE).

To prevent bias in the performance of the study, there was a single initial inoculum for each isolate for both the proportion and E-test methods. This inoculum was prepared in Middlebrook 7H9 and was adjusted to be equivalent to that of a McFarland no. 3 standard. Furthermore, both methods were performed in a double-blind manner.

The agar proportion method was performed as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (6). Briefly, linezolid was added to 7H10 agar medium (Difco) supplemented with OADC (oleic acid, albumin, dextrose, and catalase) (Becton Dickinson) at 50 to 56°C by doubling the dilutions to yield a final concentration of 0.125 to 4 µg/ml. Five milliliters of each concentration of antimycobacterial agent-containing medium was dispensed into plastic quadrant petri dishes. As a growth control, one quadrant in each plate was filled with 7H10 agar medium with no drug. The inoculum of each isolate was prepared by diluting the initial inoculum in Middlebrook 7H9 until the absorbance was reduced to that of an equivalent of McFarland no. 1 standard. Final suspensions were performed by adding Middlebrook 7H9 and preparing 10-2 and 10-4 dilutions of the standardized suspensions. Upon solidification of the medium, 0.1-ml portions of the dilutions were placed on each quadrant of the agar plates, and the agar plates were sealed in plastic bags and incubated at 37°C for 3 weeks. The MIC of each isolate was the lowest concentration of the antimycobacterial agent that inhibited >99% of the colonies growing on the drug-free control. M. tuberculosis ATCC 27294 (H37Rv strain) was used as a control strain.

For testing each isolate by the E-test method, two Middlebrook 7H11 agar plates (100-mm diameter) supplemented with 10% OADC (Difco) were inoculated by swabbing with the initial suspension (McFarland no. 3 standard) of mycobacteria and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 24 h. After incubation, one E-test strip was placed on the first plate for each isolate tested. No strip was placed on the second plate, which served as a growth control. The plates were sealed in plastic bags and incubated under the same conditions for 7 to 10 days, after which the MIC was read. The MIC was the value where the growth inhibition ellipse intersected the strip or as specified in the 1997 AB BIODISK E-test technical guide no. 6 for M. tuberculosis. For a control, each experiment included susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis ATCC 27294 (H37Rv strain).

The range of MICs, the MIC at which 50% of the isolates are inhibited (MIC50), the MIC90, and the geometric mean of MIC of linezolid obtained by the proportion method are shown in Table 1. All the isolates tested, including isolates that were susceptible to SIRE and isolates that were resistant to SIRE, were inhibited at <=1 µg/ml and had a geometric mean of 0.506 µg/ml. The level of resistance to SIRE did not increase the linezolid MICs of the strains tested. Although the MIC90 of R-SIRE strains was 1 dilution greater (1 µg/ml) than that of S-SIRE strains (0.5 µg/ml), the geometric mean of resistant isolates was slightly lower (0.477 µg/ml) than susceptible ones (0.524 µg/ml).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1. In vitro activities of linezolid against 117 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosisa

The range of MICs, MIC50, and MIC90 using the E-test method were <=0.016 to 0.023, <=0.016, and 0.016 µg/ml, respectively. All isolates had an MIC equal to or lower than 0.023 µg/ml, with 88% of the strains showing inhibition ellipses under the lowest MIC of the strips (0.016 µg/ml). Concordance between MICs of the proportion and E-test methods is shown in Table 2. E-test MICs were at least 4 dilutions lower than their equivalents by the proportion method.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 2. Distribution of MICs of linezolid by proportion and E-testa

Therapy with first-line antituberculous drugs has led to a significant reduction in the morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis. However, the currently available therapeutic regimens have the inherent disadvantages of long-treatment duration, patient noncompliance, and risk of drug resistance (1, 4).

In our study, linezolid showed excellent in vitro activity against all the strains tested (MICs <= 1 µg/ml), including those resistant to SIRE. To our knowledge, there is only one other study of the in vitro activity of linezolid against clinical strains of M. tuberculosis (9). However, these researchers tested only five isolates that were susceptible to SIRE and five isolates that were resistant to SIRE, with an MIC90 of 0.5 and 2, respectively, and all the strains had an MIC of 2 µg/ml (concentration of 1 µg/ml was not tested). Although only a few strains were tested, the results were similar to ours.

Our results show that the E-test MICs were at least 4 dilutions lower than those of the standard proportion method. This showed a lack of concordance of the E-test method with the standard procedure.

Despite the high in vitro activity of linezolid against clinical strains of M. tuberculosis, there are no clinical trials evaluating its in vivo efficacy. In 1999, Cynamon et al. reported a somewhat lower activity of this drug compared with isoniazid in a murine model (3). Two years later, Valencia et al. described a patient infected with a recurrent multiresistant Mycobacterium bovis (species related to M. tuberculosis) strain and treated successfully with linezolid and another five drugs during an 11-month period (8). However, the potential toxicities (e.g., myelosuppression) and the high cost (approximately $100 per day) of linezolid could limit the use of this drug for extended periods of time, as is the case in the treatment of tuberculosis.

In summary, linezolid is very active against M. tuberculosis, including those strains that are resistant to conventional antimycobacterial drugs. The potential role of this agent in the treatment of tuberculosis requires further clinical evaluation.


arrow
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Pharmacia Upjohn (Barcelona, Spain) for kindly providing the active substance and the linezolid E-test strips and Thomas O'Boyle for correcting the English.


arrow
FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Servicio de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General Universitario "Gregorio Marañón," Doctor Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain. Phone: (34) 91 586 8453. Fax: (34) 91 504 4906. E-mail: luisalcala{at}efd.net. Back


arrow
REFERENCES
 
    1
  1. Agrawal, S., N. S. Thomas, A. B. Dhanikula, C. L. Kaul, and R. Panchagnula. 2001. Antituberculosis drugs and new drug development. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 7:142-147.[CrossRef][Medline]
    2. 2
  2. Cercenado, E., F. Garcia-Garrote, and E. Bouza. 2001. In vitro activity of linezolid against multiply resistant Gram-positive clinical isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47:77-81.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    3. 3
  3. Cynamon, M. H., S. P. Klemens, C. A. Sharpe, and S. Chase. 1999. Activities of several novel oxazolidinones against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a murine model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:1189-1191.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    4. 4
  4. Dye, C., S. Scheele, P. Dolin, V. Pathania, and M. C. Raviglione. 1999. Global burden of tuberculosis. Estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. JAMA 282:677-686.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    5. 5
  5. Jones, R. N., D. M. Johnson, and M. E. Erwin. 1996. In vitro antimicrobial activities and spectra of U-100592 and U-100766, two novel fluorinated oxazolidinones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:720-726.[Abstract]
    6. 6
  6. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2000. Tentative standard. Susceptibility testing of mycobacteria, nocardia, and other aerobic actinomycetes, 2nd ed. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa.
    7. 7
  7. Shinabarger, D. L., K. R. Marotti, R. W. Murray, A. H. Lin, E. P. Melchior, S. M. Swaney, D. S. Dunyak, W. F. Demyan, and J. M. Buysse. 1997. Mechanism of action of oxazolidinones: effects of linezolid and eperezolid on translation reactions. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41:2132-2136.[Abstract]
    8. 8
  8. Valencia, M. E., V. Moreno, F. Laguna, and J. M. Gonzalez-Lahoz. 2001. Multiresistant tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Are there new therapeutic possibilities? Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clín. 19:37-39. (In Spanish.)
    9. 9
  9. Zurenko, G. E., B. H. Yagi, R. D. Schaadt, J. W. Allison, J. O. Kilburn, S. E. Glickman, D. K. Hutchinson, M. R. Barbachyn, and S. J. Brickner. 1996. In vitro activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:839-845.[Abstract]

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, January 2003, p. 416-417, Vol. 47, No. 1
0066-4804/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.47.1.416-417.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • McGee, B., Dietze, R., Hadad, D. J., Molino, L. P. D., Maciel, E. L. N., Boom, W. H., Palaci, M., Johnson, J. L., Peloquin, C. A. (2009). Population Pharmacokinetics of Linezolid in Adults with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 3981-3984 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Williams, K. N., Brickner, S. J., Stover, C. K., Zhu, T., Ogden, A., Tasneen, R., Tyagi, S., Grosset, J. H., Nuermberger, E. L. (2009). Addition of PNU-100480 to First-Line Drugs Shortens the Time Needed to Cure Murine Tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 180: 371-376 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Migliori, G. B., Eker, B., Richardson, M. D., Sotgiu, G., Zellweger, J-P., Skrahina, A., Ortmann, J., Girardi, E., Hoffmann, H., Besozzi, G., Bevilacqua, N., Kirsten, D., Centis, R., Lange, C., for the TBNET Study Group, (2009). A retrospective TBNET assessment of linezolid safety, tolerability and efficacy in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 34: 387-393 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Williams, K. N., Stover, C. K., Zhu, T., Tasneen, R., Tyagi, S., Grosset, J. H., Nuermberger, E. (2009). Promising Antituberculosis Activity of the Oxazolidinone PNU-100480 Relative to That of Linezolid in a Murine Model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 1314-1319 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Yew, W. W., Leung, C. C. (2009). Update in Tuberculosis 2008. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 179: 337-343 [Full Text]  
  • Guy, E. S., Mallampalli, A. (2008). Review: Managing TB in the 21st century: existing and novel drug therapies. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2: 401-408 [Abstract]  
  • Coban, A. Y., Bilgin, K., Uzun, M., Akgunes, A., Yusof, A., Durupinar, B. (2008). Comparative Study for Determination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Susceptibility to First- and Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs by the Etest Using 7H11, Blood, and Chocolate Agar. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 4095-4098 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dietze, R., Hadad, D. J., McGee, B., Molino, L. P. D., Maciel, E. L. N., Peloquin, C. A., Johnson, D. F., Debanne, S. M., Eisenach, K., Boom, W. H., Palaci, M., Johnson, J. L. (2008). Early and Extended Early Bactericidal Activity of Linezolid in Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178: 1180-1185 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huang, T.-S., Liu, Y.-C., Sy, C.-L., Chen, Y.-S., Tu, H.-Z., Chen, B.-C. (2008). In Vitro Activities of Linezolid against Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolated in Taiwan over 10 Years. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 2226-2227 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Park, I-N., Hong, S.-B., Oh, Y.-M., Kim, M.-N., Lim, C.-M., Lee, S. D., Koh, Y., Kim, W. S., Kim, D. S., Kim, W. D., Shim, T. S. (2006). Efficacy and tolerability of daily-half dose linezolid in patients with intractable multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 58: 701-704 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ji, B., Lefrancois, S., Robert, J., Chauffour, A., Truffot, C., Jarlier, V. (2006). In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Rifampin, Streptomycin, Amikacin, Moxifloxacin, R207910, Linezolid, and PA-824 against Mycobacterium ulcerans.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 1921-1926 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ji, B., Chauffour, A., Andries, K., Jarlier, V. (2006). Bactericidal Activities of R207910 and Other Newer Antimicrobial Agents against Mycobacterium leprae in Mice.. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 1558-1560 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vera-Cabrera, L., Castro-Garza, J., Rendon, A., Ocampo-Candiani, J., Welsh, O., Choi, S. H., Blackwood, K., Molina-Torres, C. (2005). In Vitro Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates to Garenoxacin and DA-7867. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 4351-4353 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fortun, J., Martin-Davila, P., Navas, E., Perez-Elias, M. J., Cobo, J., Tato, M., De la Pedrosa, E. G.-G., Gomez-Mampaso, E., Moreno, S. (2005). Linezolid for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 56: 180-185 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guna, R., Munoz, C., Dominguez, V., Garcia-Garcia, A., Galvez, J., de Julian-Ortiz, J.-V., Borras, R. (2005). In vitro activity of linezolid, clarithromycin and moxifloxacin against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium kansasii. J Antimicrob Chemother 55: 950-953 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garcia-Garcia, A., Galvez, J., de Julian-Ortiz, J. V., Garcia-Domenech, R., Munoz, C., Guna, R., Borras, R. (2005). Search of Chemical Scaffolds for Novel Antituberculosis Agents. J Biomol Screen 10: 206-214 [Abstract]  
  • Griffith, D. E. (2004). Treatment of Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis: Should You Try This at Home?. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169: 1082-1083 [Full Text]  
  • Brown-Elliott, B. A., Crist, C. J., Mann, L. B., Wilson, R. W., Wallace, R. J. Jr. (2003). In Vitro Activity of Linezolid against Slowly Growing Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 1736-1738 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Alcalá, L.
Right arrow Articles by Bouza, E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Alcalá, L.
Right arrow Articles by Bouza, E.

Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»