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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2006, p. 2276-2277, Vol. 50, No. 6
0066-4804/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00144-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

ß-Lactam MICs Correlate Poorly with Mutant Prevention Concentrations for Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa


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LETTER
 
To reduce the emergence of acquired bacterial resistance, an antimutant dosing strategy using the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) has been advocated (7, 8). Recently, Drlica and collaborators showed that there was a low correlation between MIC and MPC when Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were tested against several fluoroquinolones (4). A poor correlation was also found when S. pneumoniae was tested against macrolides. The use of MPC as a dosing threshold could also be applied to ß-lactam agents, since the hyperproduction of AmpC ß-lactamase, which is chromosomally encoded, is the principal mechanism of resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins among nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. This mechanism coupled with alteration in the outer membrane protein has also been responsible for conferring carbapenem resistance. Thus, the measurement of the MPC could identify the ß-lactams less likely to favor the growth of resistant subpopulations. Since P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. constitute important nosocomial pathogens in Brazilian hospitals, we have evaluated the correlation between MIC and MPC for ß-lactams and fluoroquinolones against P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. isolates by use of a linear regression model (r2). Our results are shown in Table 1. Among Acinetobacter spp., the r2 values were very low (≤0.2) for all antimicrobial agents tested. Against P. aeruginosa, no correlation between MIC and MPC was observed for cefepime and meropenem (r2 = 0.0). A poor correlation between MIC and MPC was also found for imipenem and ceftazidime. Although levofloxacin (r2 = 0.17) and gatifloxacin (r2 = 0.25) MICs and MPCs displayed correlations lower than that for ciprofloxacin MIC and MPC (r2 = 0.51) against P. aeruginosa isolates, a weak correlation between MIC and MPC was found for all of the fluoroquinolones tested. To determine the MIC, a low inoculum (104 to 105 CFU/ml) has been recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and other antimicrobial susceptibility committees (1, 2). When the suggested inoculum is used, the MIC measurement for a determined antimicrobial agent does not take into consideration subpopulations of resistant bacteria that naturally occur. For example, bacterial isolates possessing single mutations on the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyrA or parC gene are usually categorized as susceptible to fluoroquinolones (3, 5, 6, 9). However, treatment failure due to the acquisition of additional mutations has been reported when fluoroquinolones were prescribed for treatment of infections caused by such isolates. Our results are in accordance with those published recently by Drlica and collaborators (4). Both studies confirm the poor correlation between MIC and MPC, which is independent of the antimicrobial agent and species evaluated. These results also emphasize the importance of measuring the MPC to select the most favorable dose regimen for treatment.


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  		TABLE 1. Relationship between MIC and MPC for several antimicrobial agents against Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We express our gratitude to Adriana Nicoletti and Itacy Siqueira for their technical assistance in determining the MPC and to Soraya S. Andrade for critically reviewing this work.

This study was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), process no. 03/12202-5.


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REFERENCES
 
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  1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2005. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 15th informational supplement. Approved standard M100-S15. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pa.
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  2. Comité de l'Antibiogramme de la Société Française de Microbiologie. 2006. Communiqué 2006. [Online.] http://www.sfm.asso.fr/nouv/general.php?pa=2.
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  3. Doern, G. V., S. Richter, A. Miller, N. Miller, C. Rice, K. Heilmann, and S. Beekmann. 2005. Antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: have we begun to turn the corner on resistance to certain antimicrobial classes? Clin. Infect. Dis. 41:139-148.[CrossRef][Medline]
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  4. Drlica, K., X. Zhao, J. M. Blondeau, and C. Hesje. 2006. Low correlation between MIC and mutant prevention concentration. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:403-404.[Free Full Text]
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  5. Gales, A. C., K. A. Gordon, W. W. Wilke, M. A. Pfaller, and R. N. Jones. 2000. Occurrence of single-point gyrA mutations among ciprofloxacin-susceptible Escherichia coli isolates causing urinary tract infections in Latin America. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 36:61-64.[CrossRef][Medline]
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  6. Li, X., X. Zhao, and K. Drlica. 2002. Selection of Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants having reduced susceptibility to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:522-524.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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  7. Marcusson, L., S. Olofsson, P. Lindgren, O. Cars, and D. Hughes. 2005. Mutant prevention concentration of ciprofloxacin for urinary tract infection isolates of Escherichia coli. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55:938-943.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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  8. Zhao, X., and K. Drlica. 2001. Restricting the selection of antibiotic-resistant mutants: a general strategy derived from fluoroquinolone studies. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33(Suppl. 3):S147-S156.[CrossRef][Medline]
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  9. Zhao, X., C. Xu, J. Domagala, and K. Drlica. 1997. DNA topoisomerase targets of the fluoroquinolones: a strategy for avoiding bacterial resistance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:13991-13996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Juliana Gugel*
Andrea dos Santos Pereira
Antônio C. C. Pignatari
Ana C. Gales
Laboratório Alerta
Division of Infectious Diseases
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
Rua Pedro de Toledo, 6° andar
São Paulo, SP, Brasil

* Phone: 55 (11) 50846538, Fax: 55 (11) 50846538, E-mail: juliana.gugel{at}lemc.com.br

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2006, p. 2276-2277, Vol. 50, No. 6
0066-4804/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00144-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




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