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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, September 2006, p. 3173-3174, Vol. 50, No. 9
0066-4804/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00427-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Intracellular Penetration and Activity of DX-619 in Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Isabel García,1* Sofía Ballesta,1 Concepción Murillo,2 Evelio J. Perea,1,2 and Álvaro Pascual1,2

Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Seville,1 Dept. of Microbiology, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain2

Received 5 April 2006/ Returned for modification 7 May 2006/ Accepted 2 July 2006


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ABSTRACT
 
The intracellular penetration and activity of DX-619 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes have been evaluated. DX-619 reached intracellular concentrations 10 times higher than the extracellular concentrations reached. Uptake was rapid, reversible, nonsaturable, and affected by environmental temperature, some metabolic inhibitors, and a soluble membrane activator. DX-619 showed intracellular activity against Staphylococcus aureus.


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TEXT
 
The intracellular penetration and activities of antimicrobial agents are important considerations in the treatment of infections due to intracellular pathogens. Quinolones are able to penetrate and concentrate intracellularly, showing activities against intracellular pathogens (1, 6-8). DX-619 is a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone that displays good activity against multiresistant gram-positive bacteria (2, 3). This quinolone also manifests an exceptionally low frequency of selection of resistant mutants (16, 17). One animal model shows that DX-619 could be a promising candidate for treating community-acquired respiratory infections (4). Its clinical role will be better appreciated when human pharmacokinetics data have been published. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the uptake of DX-619 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The mechanism involved in the penetration of this agent into human PMNs and its intracellular activity against Staphylococcus aureus were also evaluated.

The uptake of radiolabeled DX-619 (1.08 MBq/mg; Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) by human PMNs was determined by means of a velocity gradient centrifugation technique described by Klempner and Styrt (9). PMNs were incubated with different concentrations (1 to 40 µg/ml) of DX-619. After different incubation times at 37°C, cell-associated antimicrobial agent concentrations were calculated and expressed as ratios of cellular to extracellular concentration (C/E ratios) (11). The efflux of PMN-associated DX-619 was also studied. All assays were performed in duplicate with PMNs from four different donors. Data were expressed in terms of means ± standard deviations. Differences among groups were compared by analysis of variance, with statistical significance being assessed at a P value of ≤0.05.

Figure 1 shows the kinetics of DX-619 uptake by and efflux from human PMNs. The uptake of DX-619 by human PMNs was a rapid process. DX-619 was highly concentrated in human PMNs, reaching intracellular concentrations 10 times higher than the extracellular concentrations reached after 20 min of incubation at 37°C. C/E ratios for DX-619 were similar to those observed for moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, sparfloxacin, and trovafloxacin and slightly higher than those observed for other quinolones, such as ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin (5, 6, 12-15). The efflux of DX-619 from human PMNs was also a rapid process; when the extracellular antimicrobial was removed, PMN-associated DX-619 decreased 90% after 10 min of incubation at 37°C. The effect of different extracellular concentrations on the uptake of DX-619 by PMNs were also evaluated. Cell-associated DX-619 was not saturable at extracellular concentrations ranging from 1 to 40 µg/ml (data not shown).


Figure 1
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  		FIG. 1. DX-619 uptake by human PMNs and efflux of PMN-associated DX-619 after removal of the extracellular drug (n = 4). The extracellular concentration was 2 µg/ml. Error bars indicate standard deviations.

Further studies to elucidate the mechanism of DX-619 uptake by PMNs were performed as described previously (12). The influences of cell viability, environmental temperature (4°C versus 37°C), and external pH (5 to 8) were evaluated. We also studied the effects of metabolic inhibitors (sodium fluoride, 1.5 mM; sodium cyanide, 1.5 mM; carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, 0.015 mM; and 2,4-dinitrophenol, 0.1 mM [Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.]), membrane stimuli (phorbol myristate acetate [PMA] [200 nM; Sigma] and either opsonized zymosan [0.9 mg/liter; Sigma] or S. aureus ATCC 25923), and potential competitive substrates adenosine (1 mM), L-lysine (1 mM), and D-glucose (1 mM) on DX-619 uptake by human PMNs.

DX-619 uptake was temperature dependent (C/E ratios, 1.2 ± 0.4 versus 9.9 ± 1.2) and significantly increased at acid pH (data not shown). Among the inhibitors evaluated, sodium cyanide and m-chlorophenylhydrazone significantly impaired intracellular penetration of DX-619 (C/E ratios, 3.5 ± 0.7 and 5.4 ± 1.1, respectively; C/E ratio for the control, 10.1 ± 0.9). It is interesting that even an inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, such as sodium cyanide, decreased the uptake of DX-619 by PMNs since such cells have few mitochondria, as they are not dependent on oxidative metabolism for energy (12). This phenomenon could be related to secondary or minor activity of this inhibitor in other metabolic functions of phagocytes. However, preincubating the PMNs with sodium fluoride, an inhibitor of glycolysis (a major source of energy for the PMNs), did not affect their DX-619 uptake. These data point to the fact that a possible active mechanism could be partially involved in the uptake of this quinolone by human PMNs. Similar results were previously described for ofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, all of which require an active process (13, 15). The uptake of other quinolones, such as sparfloxacin and trovafloxacin, by human PMNs was not affected by any of these parameters, and a typically passive mechanism is displayed (5, 14).

Particle phagocytosis or soluble membrane stimuli may modify the uptake of an antimicrobial agent by human PMNs. For DX-619, we observed a significant increase in its intracellular accumulation when human PMNs were stimulated with the soluble stimulus PMA (C/E ratios, 12.7 ± 1.7 versus 9.7 ± 1.1). The phagocytosis of opsonized Staphylococcus aureus or zymosan, however, did not modify the uptake. This divergent effect could be related to the fact that PMN activation by opsonized particles differs from that by PMA (10). The findings presented suggest that DX-619 uptake is mediated by both active and passive diffusion across the cytoplasmic membrane of the PMN.

The intracellular activity of DX-619 compared with that of ciprofloxacin against S. aureus was evaluated in a 3-h assay using a previously described method (11). The MICs/minimal bactericidal concentrations of ciprofloxacin (Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) and DX-619 against S. aureus ATCC 25923 were 0.25/0.5 and 0.001/0.003 µg/ml, respectively. Data were expressed as percentages of surviving staphylococci relative to control levels (without antimicrobial agents) at 3 h (means ± standard deviations). At extracellular concentrations of at least 0.0125 µg/ml, DX-619 showed significant intracellular activity against S. aureus. At all extracellular concentrations evaluated, the intracellular activity of DX-619 was significantly higher than that observed for ciprofloxacin (Fig. 2). The intracellular activity of DX-619 was dose dependent and greater than that of ciprofloxacin. This effect was partially due to the higher bactericidal activity of this antimicrobial against the strain evaluated.


Figure 2
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  		FIG. 2. Activities of DX-619 and ciprofloxacin against intracellular S. aureus in human PMNs (n = 4). Data are expressed as percentages of surviving bacteria after 3 h of incubation relative to controls without antimicrobial agents (means ± standard deviations [error bars]). *, P was <0.05 relative to ciprofloxacin.

In summary, DX-619 penetrates into human PMNs, reaching intracellular concentrations several times higher than the extracellular concentrations reached while remaining intracellularly active. A potentially active mechanism may be involved in the uptake of DX-619 by human PMNs. The high antimicrobial activity of this quinolone added to the properties observed in this study enlarges the potential use of DX-619.


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FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Avda, Sánchez Pizjuán s/n, Seville-41009, Spain. Phone: 34 954552862. Fax: 34 954377413. E-mail: igarcial{at}us.es. Back


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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, September 2006, p. 3173-3174, Vol. 50, No. 9
0066-4804/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00427-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




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