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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, January 2007, p. 335-337, Vol. 51, No. 1
0066-4804/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00774-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Penetration of Atazanavir in Seminal Plasma of Men Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1{triangledown}

E. van Leeuwen,1,2* R. ter Heine,3 F. van der Veen,1 S. Repping,1 J. H. Beijnen,3 and J. M. Prins2

Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam,1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, and Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam,2 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands3

Received 27 June 2006/ Returned for modification 24 July 2006/ Accepted 19 October 2006


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ABSTRACT
 
In this exploratory study, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor atazanavir was detected in seminal plasma in 15 out of 15 HIV-infected men taking an atazanavir-containing regimen. However, this penetration was limited and variable, and the median seminal/blood plasma ratio was only 0.1.


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TEXT
 
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA concentrations in blood plasma and seminal plasma decrease during successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (1, 10, 16), but the concentrations of HIV-1 RNA in blood plasma and seminal plasma do not always show a parallel response (3, 17). Especially during (a)symptomatic local inflammation/infection, leukocytospermia, and advanced-stage HIV infection circumstances may be favorable for (more) local HIV production (12), and one concern with current antiretroviral therapy is that the protease inhibitors, with the exception of indinavir and amprenavir, show poor penetration into seminal plasma (2, 5, 8, 12, 13). Poor penetration of antiretroviral drugs into an anatomical site could lead to independent HIV-1 RNA replication during antiretroviral therapy, allowing the local selection or development of drug-resistant strains (6, 9, 12).

Atazanavir is a new HIV protease inhibitor that allows once-daily dosing. Since data on the penetration of atazanavir in semen are currently lacking, we determined atazanavir concentrations in blood and seminal plasma of 15 HIV-1-infected men using an atazanavir-containing HAART regimen.

Between December 2003 and January 2006, these men were recruited from the HIV outpatient clinic of the Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Men were eligible if they were using atazanavir as part of their HAART for at least 6 weeks and were compliant with their therapy. Exclusion criteria were symptoms of a genital infection and a vasectomy. The study was approved by the local Medical Ethics Committee, and all patients gave written informed consent.

Semen was produced by masturbation, and the ejaculate was collected in a sterile container. Within 1 hour the semen sample was centrifuged at 1,200 x g for 10 min and the supernatant, consisting of seminal plasma, was stored at –20°C until analysis of drug levels.

A venous blood sample was taken within 2 hours before or after semen collection, for the measurement of atazanavir concentrations in blood plasma. Time of last intake of the drugs, production of the semen sample, and collection of the blood were recorded. Atazanavir concentrations in heparinized blood plasma were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Atazanavir concentrations in seminal plasma were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry as described previously (4). Sample pretreatment consisted of protein precipitation with 50% methanol in acetonitrile using 100 µl of blood plasma or seminal plasma. Chromatographic separation of atazanavir from endogenous compounds was established with reversed-phase chromatography on an Inertsil ODS3 column (50- x 2.0-mm inside diameter; particle size, 5 µm). A quick stepwise gradient using an acetate buffer (pH 5) and methanol was applied at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/minute in a total run time of 5.5 min. The column outlet was connected to the mass spectrometer inlet through a postcolumn splitter (1:4). Drug concentrations measured in the range of 0.01 to 10 µg/ml were validated. Previously determined intra- and interday coefficients of variation were less than 3.8%, and accuracies were within ±7.3% (4).

The 15 patients used the atazanavir-containing regimen for a median duration of 31 (range, 12 to 68) weeks. Two men were using unboosted 400 mg atazanavir once daily, nine men were using 300 mg atazanavir once daily boosted with 100 mg ritonavir, and four men were using 400 mg atazanavir once daily boosted with 100 mg ritonavir, the last in the case of an efavirenz- or nevirapine-containing regimen. In three patients atazanavir was started as first-line therapy; in the other patients previous regimens were changed because of side effects or virological failure. At the time of the study visit all patients had a blood plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration below 500 copies/ml, with the exception of one patient who had a temporary "viral blip." All but one patient had hyperbilirubinemia (mean total bilirubin, 38 [standard deviation, 19.0] µmol/liter; reference value, 0 to 17 µmol/liter).

Blood plasma atazanavir levels were in the lower range for all patients, especially for those using unboosted atazanavir (Fig. 1a). None of the patients used a proton pump inhibitor or rifampin.


Figure 1
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  		FIG. 1. (a and b) Atazanavir (ATV) concentration in blood plasma (a) and seminal plasma (b) versus time after medication intake. (c) Seminal/blood plasma ratio. The dosage of atazanavir is indicated in the upper right corner. In panel a the population curve for once-daily atazanavir (300 mg)-ritonavir (RTV; 100 mg) is given (15).

Atazanavir was detected in all seminal plasma samples (Fig. 1b). The atazanavir concentration ranged from 0.02 to 0.99 mg/liter (median, 0.21 mg/liter; interquartile range, 0.07 to 0.35 mg/liter). The exact degree of protein binding in seminal plasma is not known. However, the concentration of albumin in seminal plasma is approximately the same as in serum (7, 14). A weak correlation was observed between the seminal plasma and the blood plasma concentration of atazanavir ({rho} = 0.46, P = 0.08; Spearman's rank). The median seminal/blood plasma ratio was only 0.10 (interquartile range, 0.08 to 0.17) (Fig. 1c). No clear relationship was observed between the seminal/blood plasma ratio and the time since atazanavir intake ({rho} = 0.20, P = 0.46; Spearman's rank).

In summary, atazanavir was detected in all seminal plasma samples. As 86% of atazanavir is bound to human serum protein (11), our findings are in agreement with previous studies that describe good penetration into the seminal plasma of antiretroviral drugs with a protein binding of less than or equal to 90% (12). However, in most patients the penetration of atazanavir was low, as the median seminal/blood plasma ratio was only 0.10. The gold standard approach to calculate a ratio is to conduct area-under-the-curve studies in blood and semen and to report that ratio. The reported seminal/blood plasma ratios should therefore be interpreted with some caution.

Thus, it appears that atazanavir, in contrast to most other protease inhibitors, penetrates into seminal plasma. However, this penetration is limited and variable.


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
This research has been funded by grant number 7003 from AIDS Fonds Netherlands, which is a not-for-profit charity organization.

The funding source had no influence on the analysis of the data or on the content of the manuscript.


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FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Academic Medical Centre, Obstetrics and Gynecology, H4-205, Meibergdreef 9, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Phone: 31205663753. Fax: 31206963489. E-mail: e.vanleeuwen{at}amc.uva.nl. Back

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 30 October 2006. Back


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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, January 2007, p. 335-337, Vol. 51, No. 1
0066-4804/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00774-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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