AAC
Home Help [Feedback] [For Subscribers] [Archive] [Search] [Contents]
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Other Versions of this Article:
AAC.01539-06v1
51/3/1126    most recent
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Torres-Narbona, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bouza, E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Torres-Narbona, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bouza, E.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, March 2007, p. 1126-1129, Vol. 51, No. 3
0066-4804/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01539-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

In Vitro Activities of Amphotericin B, Caspofungin, Itraconazole, Posaconazole, and Voriconazole against 45 Clinical Isolates of Zygomycetes: Comparison of CLSI M38-A, Sensititre YeastOne, and the Etest{triangledown}

Marta Torres-Narbona, Jesús Guinea,* José Martínez-Alarcón, Teresa Peláez, and Emilio Bouza

Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, University of Madrid, Spain

Received 11 December 2006/ Accepted 17 December 2006


   ABSTRACT
Top
 Abstract
Text
 References
 
We evaluated the activities of amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, and posaconazole against zygomycetes by CLSI M38-A, Etest and Sensititre. The most active drug was posaconazole, followed by amphotericin B and itraconazole. The correlation of the Etest and Sensititre with CLSI M38-A was moderate for posaconazole but poor for the others.


   TEXT
Top
 Abstract
 Text
References
 
The incidence of zygomycosis is increasing in some institutions, purportedly due to voriconazole prophylaxis (16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 32). The introduction of new antifungal agents and the availability of alternative antifungal susceptibility procedures necessitate studies comparing the in vitro activity of these new antifungal agents against zygomycetes.

In this study, the in vitro activities of amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole (ITC), voriconazole (VC), caspofungin (CAS), and posaconazole (POS) were assessed against 45 clinical strains of zygomycetes (Table 1). In addition, we compared the results obtained by the CLSI M38-A method with the Etest and Sensititre YeastOne.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		TABLE 1. In vitro activity of the five antifungal agents studied against the 45 zygomycetes isolates obtained by the CLSI M38-A procedure at 24 and 48 h of incubation

 
CLSI M38-A method. The antifungal drugs used were AMB (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), ITC (Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Madrid, Spain), VC (Pfizer Pharmaceutical Group, New York, NY), POS (Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ), and CAS (Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ). The broth microdilution method was performed according to CLSI guidelines (21). The final concentration of the VC, ITC, POS, and AMB in the wells ranged from 0.03 to 16 µg/ml. The final concentration of CAS in the wells ranged from 0.250 to 256 µg/ml. The MIC endpoint was defined as the lowest concentration producing complete inhibition of growth (MIC-0) for all the antifungal drugs studied. The minimum effective concentration (MEC) endpoint for CAS was defined as the lowest concentration at which an abnormal growth was observed.

Quality control was ensured by testing Aspergillus flavus ATCC 204304 and Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 204305. All results were within the recommended limits of CLSI M38-A.

Etest and Sensititre YeastOne procedures. Etest strips (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) of ITC, VC, CAS, and AMB were supplied by Tec Laim (Madrid, Spain), and those of POS were supplied by Schering-Plough (Kenilworth, NJ). Inoculum suspensions were prepared in the same way as for the CLSI method. The MIC was defined as the lowest drug concentration at which the border of the elliptical inhibition zone intercepted the scale on the antifungal strip.

The activities of AMB, VC, ITC, and CAS were studied by means of Sensititre YeastOne (Trek Diagnostic Systems, Ltd., East Grinstead, United Kingdom). The trays containing serial twofold dilutions of the drug (0.008 to 16 µg/ml) were used. Inoculum suspensions were prepared in the same way as for the CLSI method, and the adjusted suspensions were diluted at 1:100 in RPMI.

The CLSI microtiter panels, Sensititre panels, and Etest plates were incubated at 35°C and read after 16, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h of incubation.

We compared CLSI M38-A results (incubation at 24 h) with the alternative methods (incubations at 16, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h). MIC endpoint discrepancies of no more than ±2 dilutions were used to calculate the percentage of agreement between the two methods (14, 28).

POS (MIC90, 1 µg/ml) was the most active drug, followed by AMB, ITC and VC, and CAS. The activity of CAS was determined using the MIC and MEC and showed values of >128 µg/ml, irrespective of the parameter used. We did not find significant variations between the MIC90 obtained at any time of incubation, with the exception of the MICs of POS against Absidia (1 µg/ml and >16 µg/ml, respectively). Absidia and Mucor showed the highest MICs for POS (ranging from 0.25 µg/ml to >16 µg/ml). In addition, Absidia and Cunninghamella were less susceptible to AMB than the other species (ranging from 0.25 µg/ml to >16 µg/ml). VC and CAS were inactive against all the isolates tested. VC and CAS showed very high MIC90s, 8 to 16 µg/ml and 128 to >256 µg/ml, respectively.

AMB has traditionally been the treatment of choice for zygomycosis (1, 2, 4, 12, 18, 24). The limited clinical use of ITC in the treatment of zygomycosis does not allow us to draw any conclusions from the in vitro data (8, 15, 17). CAS and VC proved to be quite resistant in vitro, and this correlates well with previous reports on the clinical inefficacy of both drugs in the treatment of zygomycosis (6, 7, 10, 27, 29). While VC has been considered responsible for increased incidence in some institutions (16, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 32), POS seems to be very promising for the treatment of zygomycosis (3, 11, 13, 26, 30).

This is the first study to evaluate the correlation between the CLSI M38-A procedure and the Etest and Sensititre YeastOne methods for testing the antifungal activity of POS, ITC, AMB, CAS, and VC against zygomycetes at different incubation times. The percentages of strains whose Sensititre YeastOne and Etest MICs differed by ±1, ±2, and ≥±3 dilutions compared with the CLSI procedure are shown in Table 2.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		TABLE 2. Percent agreement between the CLSI (24 h) method and Sensititre YeastOne and Etest procedures at different incubation times

 
The highest agreements between AMB, ITC, and POS Etest and the reference MICs (70.5%, 70.5%, 88.6%) were at 48, 16, and 16 h of incubation, respectively. Our results show a moderate correlation between the Etest and CLSI M38-A for POS at 16 h of incubation (88.6%). The highest agreements between the AMB and ITC Sensititre YeastOne and the reference MICs (40.9%, 79.5%) were at 36 and 24 h of incubation, respectively. Although the Etest and Sensititre YeastOne presented good correlations with CLSI M38-A for VC and CAS, both agents presented very poor activity.

Sensititre YeastOne and the Etest have been successfully compared with the CLSI procedure in other filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus fumigatus (14). The authors found that the correlation was very good for azoles at 48 h of incubation, although that for zygomycetes seems to be different. Other authors have found a good correlation between Etest/Sensititre and CLSI, but the agreement used by them (±3 dilutions) may explain the differences with our results (9).

In conclusion, POS and AMB have good in vitro activity against zygomycetes. The correlation of the Etest and Sensititre YeastOne (±2 dilutions) with CLSI M38-A was moderate (below 80%), with the exception of POS. The Etest can be used to determine the activity of POS at 16 h of incubation. CLSI M38-A should remain the reference procedure for antifungal susceptibility testing against zygomycetes.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Thomas O'Boyle for his help in the translation of the article.

This study does not present any conflict of interest.

We thank Schering-Plough for the posaconazole Etest strips.

This study was partially financed by grants from Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa C/03/14 (REIPI). J.G. is contracted by Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS) CM05/00171.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain. Phone: 34914265104. Fax: 34915044906. E-mail: jguineaortega{at}yahoo.es. Back

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 28 December 2006. Back


   REFERENCES
Top
 Abstract
 Text
 References
 

  1. Berenguer, J., P. Munoz, F. Parras, V. Fernandez-Baca, T. Hernandez-Sampelayo, and E. Bouza. 1994. Treatment of deep mycoses with liposomal amphotericin B. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13:504-507.
  2. Bouza, E., P. Munoz, and J. Guinea. 2006. Mucormycosis: an emerging disease? Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12(Suppl. 7):7-23.
  3. Brugiere, O., G. Dauriat, H. Mal, R. Marrash-Chalha, M. Fournier, O. Groussard, M. Besnard, G. Leseche, and B. Dupont. 2005. Pulmonary mucormycosis (zygomycosis) in a lung transplant recipient: recovery after posaconazole therapy. Transplantation 80:1361-1362.
  4. Cagatay, A. A., S. S. Oncu, S. S. Calangu, T. T. Yildirmak, H. H. Ozsut, and H. H. Eraksoy. 2001. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis treated with 32 gram liposomal amphotericin B and incomplete surgery: a case report. BMC Infect. Dis. 1:22.
  5. Reference deleted.
  6. Dannaoui, E., J. Afeltra, J. F. Meis, and P. E. Verweij. 2002. In vitro susceptibilities of zygomycetes to combinations of antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:2708-2711.
  7. Dannaoui, E., J. Meletiadis, J. W. Mouton, J. F. Meis, and P. E. Verweij. 2003. In vitro susceptibilities of zygomycetes to conventional and new antifungals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51:45-52.
  8. Eisen, D. P., and J. Robson. 2004. Complete resolution of pulmonary Rhizopus oryzae infection with itraconazole treatment: more evidence of the utility of azoles for zygomycosis. Mycoses 47:159-162.
  9. Espinel-Ingroff, A. 2006. Comparison of three commercial (Etest, YeastOne and Neo-Sensitabs tablet) and disk diffusion (modified M44-A) assays with reference (CLSI M38-A and M27-A2 microdilution) MICs for testing Zygomycetes, Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., and Cryptococcus neoformans with posaconazole and amphotericin B. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:3616-3622.
  10. Gil-Lamaignere, C., R. Hess, S. Salvenmoser, K. Heyn, R. Kappe, and F. M. Muller. 2005. Effect of media composition and in vitro activity of posaconazole, caspofungin and voriconazole against zygomycetes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55:1016-1019.
  11. Gilman, A. L., A. Serrano, J. Skelley, and D. Zwick. 2006. Successful treatment of pulmonary zygomycosis with posaconazole in a recipient of a haploidentical donor stem cell transplant. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 47:959-963.
  12. Gleissner, B., A. Schilling, I. Anagnostopolous, I. Siehl, and E. Thiel. 2004. Improved outcome of zygomycosis in patients with hematological diseases? Leuk. Lymphoma 45:1351-1360.
  13. Greenberg, R. N., K. Mullane, J. A. van Burik, I. Raad, M. J. Abzug, G. Anstead, R. Herbrecht, A. Langston, K. A. Marr, G. Schiller, M. Schuster, J. R. Wingard, C. E. Gonzalez, S. G. Revankar, G. Corcoran, R. J. Kryscio, and R. Hare. 2006. Posaconazole as salvage therapy for zygomycosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:126-133.
  14. Guinea, J., T. Pelaez, L. Alcala, and E. Bouza. 2006. Comparison of Sensititre YeastOne with the NCCLS M38-A microdilution method to determine the activity of amphotericin B, voriconazole, and itraconazole against clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 56:53-55.
  15. Hunter, A. J., and R. E. Bryant. 2002. Abdominal wall mucormycosis successfully treated with amphotericin and itraconazole. J. Infect. 44:203-204.
  16. Kobayashi, K., M. Kami, N. Murashige, Y. Kishi, G. Fujisaki, and T. Mitamura. 2004. Breakthrough zygomycosis during voriconazole treatment for invasive aspergillosis. Haematologica 89:ECR42.
  17. Kumar, B., I. Kaur, A. Chakrabarti, and V. K. Sharma. 1991. Treatment of deep mycoses with itraconazole. Mycopathologia 115:169-174.
  18. Linden, P., P. Williams, and K. M. Chan. 2000. Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex injection (ABLC) in solid-organ transplant recipients with invasive fungal infections. Clin. Transplant. 14:329-339.
  19. Lionakis, M. S., and D. P. Kontoyiannis. 2005. Sinus zygomycosis in a patient receiving voriconazole prophylaxis. Br. J. Haematol. 129:2.
  20. Marty, F. M., L. A. Cosimi, and L. R. Baden. 2004. Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole treatment in recipients of hematopoietic stem-cell transplants. N. Engl. J. Med. 350:950-952.
  21. NCCLS. 2002. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. Approved standard. NCCLS document M38-A. NCCLS, Wayne, PA.
  22. Oren, I. 2005. Breakthrough zygomycosis during empirical voriconazole therapy in febrile patients with neutropenia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40:770-771.
  23. Pagano, L., B. Gleissner, and L. Fianchi. 2005. Breakthrough zygomycosis and voriconazole. J. Infect. Dis. 192:1496-1497. (Author's reply, 192:1497.)
  24. Parkyn, T., A. W. McNinch, T. Riordan, and M. Mott. 2000. Zygomycosis in relapsed acute leukaemia. J. Infect. 41:265-268.
  25. Ritz, N., R. A. Ammann, C. C. Aebischer, M. Gugger, K. Jaton, R. A. Schmid, and C. Aebi. 2005. Failure of voriconazole to cure disseminated zygomycosis in an immunocompromised child. Eur. J. Pediatr. 164:231-235.
  26. Rutar, T., and K. P. Cockerham. 2006. Periorbital zygomycosis (mucormycosis) treated with posaconazole. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 142:187-188 e3.
  27. Sabatelli, F., R. Patel, P. A. Mann, C. A. Mendrick, C. C. Norris, R. Hare, D. Loebenberg, T. A. Black, and P. M. McNicholas. 2006. In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against a large collection of clinically important molds and yeasts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:2009-2015.
  28. Siwek, G. T., K. J. Dodgson, M. de Magalhaes-Silverman, L. A. Bartelt, S. B. Kilborn, P. L. Hoth, D. J. Diekema, and M. A. Pfaller. 2004. Invasive zygomycosis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients receiving voriconazole prophylaxis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39:584-587.
  29. Sun, Q. N., A. W. Fothergill, D. I. McCarthy, M. G. Rinaldi, and J. R. Graybill. 2002. In vitro activities of posaconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and fluconazole against 37 clinical isolates of zygomycetes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46:1581-1582.
  30. van Burik, J. A., R. S. Hare, H. F. Solomon, M. L. Corrado, and D. P. Kontoyiannis. 2006. Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 42:e61-e65.
  31. Verma, A., S. Williams, S. Trifilio, T. Zembower, and J. Mehta. 2004. Successful treatment of concomitant pulmonary zygomycosis and aspergillosis with a combination of amphotericin B lipid complex, caspofungin, and voriconazole in a patient on immunosuppression for chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. 33:1065-1066.
  32. Vigouroux, S., O. Morin, P. Moreau, F. Mechinaud, N. Morineau, B. Mahe, P. Chevallier, T. Guillaume, V. Dubruille, J. L. Harousseau, and N. Milpied. 2005. Zygomycosis after prolonged use of voriconazole in immunocompromised patients with hematologic disease: attention required. Clin. Infect. Dis. 40:e35-e37.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, March 2007, p. 1126-1129, Vol. 51, No. 3
0066-4804/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01539-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:


This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Other Versions of this Article:
AAC.01539-06v1
51/3/1126    most recent
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Torres-Narbona, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bouza, E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Torres-Narbona, M.
Right arrow Articles by Bouza, E.

Home Help [Feedback] [For Subscribers] [Archive] [Search] [Contents]
Clin. Vaccine Immunol. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.
J. Clin. Microbiol. ALL ASM JOURNALS