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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, December 2008, p. 4528, Vol. 52, No. 12
0066-4804/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00904-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Vancomycin MICs for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Differ Based upon the Susceptibility Test Method Used {triangledown}


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LETTER
 
Recent studies have questioned treatment of serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections with vancomycin because of treatment failures, despite vancomycin MICs in the susceptible category (MIC ≤ 2 µg/ml) (2, 3, 5, 6, 7). Some of these studies have used broth microdilution for determining vancomycin MICs (5), while others have used the Etest commercial product (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) (2, 7). We sought to determine if substantive differences might result from using different susceptibility test methods for determining vancomycin MICs.

A group of 101 previously characterized strains of MRSA recovered between 2002 and 2006 from bacteremic patients in our institution were selected. Fifteen to 25 isolates per year were chosen, with MICs in the range of 0.5 to 2 µg/ml, based upon initial tests. Isolates were stored frozen at –70°C in skim milk and subcultured twice prior to being tested. Each isolate was tested by the CLSI broth microdilution and the CLSI agar dilution methods (1) and by the Etest method using two different brands of Mueller-Hinton agar plates (BBL agar [BD Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD] and Remel agar [Remel, Lenexa, KS]). All tests were performed at the same time from the same inoculum suspension.

Results are depicted in Table 1. Vancomycin MICs generated by Etest were consistently one twofold dilution higher than MICs determined by CLSI broth or agar dilution; i.e., the modal vancomycin MIC determined by both the CLSI broth and agar dilution methods was 1 µg/ml, while the modal vancomycin MIC by Etest was 2 µg/ml with both Mueller-Hinton agar brands. In fact, 89 to 98% of MICs were 1.5 or 2 µg/ml by Etest, but only 3 to 12% of vancomycin MICs were 2 µg/ml when determined by the CLSI broth or agar dilution method.


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  		TABLE 1. Comparison of vancomycin MICs determined by broth microdilution, agar dilution, and Etesta

Our findings raise several issues. Pharmacodynamic studies have shown that the area under the vancomycin concentration curve-to-MIC ratio (AUC/MIC) is the optimal method for predicting vancomycin efficacy against S. aureus infections (7). Furthermore, the probability of achieving an optimal AUC/MIC ratio has been shown to be much lower when the vancomycin MIC is 2 µg/ml than when it is 1 µg/ml (4). Therefore, even a one dilution difference in the MIC can substantially affect the MIC/AUC ratio and the ability to optimize treatment (7). If differences of only one dilution are relevant to predicting clinical outcomes of MRSA infections, the MIC method used is a critical part of the equation.

The differences between MICs generated by the Etest and those generated by the CLSI reference broth microdilution and agar dilution methods reflect a one dilution-higher vancomycin MIC when determined by the Etest. It is widely held that the precision of a dilution susceptibility test method is plus or minus one twofold dilution. Thus, it is unprecedented that a single dilution difference in the vancomycin MIC in the range of 0.5 to 2 µg/ml would have significant clinical implications. Until further evidence is generated to determine if such small differences in the vancomycin MIC are indeed significant, therapeutic recommendations should specify the MIC method on which the recommendations are based.


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Department of the Army, Department of the Air Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.


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FOOTNOTES
 
{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 6 October 2008. Back


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REFERENCES
 
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  1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2006. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard M7-A7. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
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  2. Hidayat, L. K., D. I. Hsu, R. Quist, K. A. Shriner, and A. Wong-Beringer. 2006. High-dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Arch. Intern. Med. 166:2138-2144.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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  3. Maclayton, D. O., K. J. Suda, K. A. Coval, C. B. York, and K. W. Garey. 2006. Case-control study of the relationship between MRSA bacteremia with a vancomycin MIC of 2 µg/mL and risk factors, costs, and outcomes in inpatients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin. Ther. 28:1208-1216.[CrossRef][Medline]
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  4. Moise-Broder, P. A., A. Forrest, M. C. Birmingham, and J. J. Schentag. 2004. Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and other antimicrobials in patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 43:925-942.[CrossRef][Medline]
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  5. Moise-Broder, P. A., G. Sakoulas, G. M. Eliopoulos, J. J. Schentag, A. Forrest, and R. C. Moellering. 2004. Accessory gene regulator group II polymorphism in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is predictive of failure of vancomycin therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:1700-1705.
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  6. Sakoulas, G., P. A. Moise-Broder, J. Schentag, A. Forrest, R. C. Moellering, and G. M. Eliopoulos. 2004. Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:2398-2402.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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  7. Soriano, A., F. Marco, J. A. Martinez, E. Pisos, M. Almela, V. P. Dimova, D. Alamo, M. Ortego, J. Lopez, and J. Mensa. 2008. Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:193-200.
V. Prakash
San Antonio Military Medical Center
Infectious Disease Service
San Antonio, Texas

J. S. Lewis II
Department of Medicine
The University of Texas Health Science Center
Pharmacy Service
University Hospital
San Antonio, Texas

J. H. Jorgensen*
Department of Pathology
University of Texas Health Science Center
7703 Floyd Curl Drive
San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900

* Phone: (210) 567-4088
Fax: (210) 567-2367
E-mail: jorgensen{at}uthscsa.edu

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, December 2008, p. 4528, Vol. 52, No. 12
0066-4804/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00904-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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  • Musta, A. C., Riederer, K., Shemes, S., Chase, P., Jose, J., Johnson, L. B., Khatib, R. (2009). Vancomycin MIC plus Heteroresistance and Outcome of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Trends over 11 Years. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 1640-1644 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mason, E. O., Lamberth, L. B., Hammerman, W. A., Hulten, K. G., Versalovic, J., Kaplan, S. L. (2009). Vancomycin MICs for Staphylococcus aureus Vary by Detection Method and Have Subtly Increased in a Pediatric Population Since 2005. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 1628-1630 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

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