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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, April 2008, p. 1583-1584, Vol. 52, No. 4
0066-4804/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01428-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Simvastatin Treatment Shows No Effect on the Incidence of Cerebral Malaria or Parasitemia during Experimental Malaria{triangledown}


   LETTER
Top
 LETTER
REFERENCES
 
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, reduce in vitro growth of Plasmodium falciparum (5). With great interest, we read the letter of Pradines et al. reporting on a 10-fold-higher growth inhibition of P. falciparum by atorvastatin than by simvastatin, suggesting that atorvastatin be considered a candidate drug for malaria treatment (14).

Apart from the cholesterol-lowering activity of statins, immunomodulation and pleiotropic effects of statins may significantly impact infection-related survival (4, 15). In patients with cardiovascular risks and chronic kidney disease, prior statin treatment reduced the incidence of sepsis (1, 2, 6, 7), and in experimental sepsis models, simvastatin prolonged the survival time of mice (13). Cerebral malaria (CM) shares common pathophysiological features with sepsis, especially with regard to pathology of the endothelium (3). Prior to the report of Pradines et al. (14), we hypothesized that statins might be a therapeutic option for CM. Therefore, we tested the effects of simvastatin in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected C57BL/6 mice, a well-established experimental model of CM. As previously described, groups of 6- to 8-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA parasites by intraperitoneal injection on day 0 (12). Oral or intraperitoneal applications with up to 100 mg of simvastatin/kg of body weight were given at different dosages and points in time (Table 1). Much higher doses than used in humans were administered, considering the described 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase up-regulation in rodents, and no severe toxic effects in mice have been observed in similar experimental settings (9, 10). The primary end point of our study was the incidence of CM. Clinical symptoms of CM in study animals were checked at least twice per day. Parasitemia was assessed by light microscopy and expressed as a percentage of red blood cells. All experiments were conducted in the animal laboratory of the Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and approved by responsible authorities.


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  		TABLE 1. Incidence of cerebral malaria during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection is not influenced by simvastatin treatment

 
Our results show that there was no difference in the incidence or time to CM or in the level of parasitemia of simvastatin-treated mice and controls (Table 1). We conclude that simvastatin has no relevant effect on in vivo parasite growth inhibition and clinical outcome of P. berghei ANKA-infected C57BL/6 mice. Consequently, we aborted further experiments. To our best knowledge, statins have not been given to P. berghei-infected mice before, and in vitro data on growth inhibition of this parasite is lacking. Our attempt to reduce the incidence of CM in mice by simvastatin treatment as proof of the principle failed, although our model is sensitive to immunomodulatory strategies (12) and comparable doses of simvastatin induced anti-inflammatory effects in other diseases (9, 13).

Nevertheless, it might still be possible that other statins have beneficial effects on malaria, as there are differences in the chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of statins. Therefore, further experiments on plasmodial growth inhibition and anti-inflammatory responses are needed. Specifically, it would be useful to reveal the pharmacological mechanisms by which statins inhibit P. falciparum growth and how neuroprotection in CM could be achieved. Finally, considerable differences of malaria in mice and humans have to be acknowledged when taking statins further in treatment development (8, 11).


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Merck Research Laboratories (NJ) for supplying simvastatin free of charge. The company had no role in funding, on design and conduct of the study, or on preparation, review, and approval of the manuscript, either on analysis and interpretation of the data.

All authors and acknowledged individuals had no conflict of interest.

All authors participated in design, animal experiments, and analysis and interpretation of the data. Substantial input came from all investigators. R.K. initiated the study, R.K. and T.J. designed the study, and both were involved in all phases of the study. N.S. was responsible for preparation of simvastatin for application in mice. R.K. wrote the manuscript, and T.J. and J.M. critically reviewed the paper. All authors checked the final manuscript.


   FOOTNOTES
 
{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 11 February 2008. Back


   REFERENCES
Top
 LETTER
 REFERENCES
 

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  2. Almog, Y., V. Novack, M. Eisinger, A. Porath, L. Novack, and H. Gilutz. 2007. The effect of statin therapy on infection-related mortality in patients with atherosclerotic diseases. Crit. Care Med. 35:372-378.[CrossRef][Medline]
  3. Clark, I. A., L. M. Alleva, A. C. Mills, and W. B. Cowden. 2004. Pathogenesis of malaria and clinically similar conditions. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17:509-539.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Greenwood, J., and J. C. Mason. 2007. Statins and the vascular endothelial inflammatory response. Trends Immunol. 28:88-98.[CrossRef][Medline]
  5. Grellier, P., A. Valentin, V. Millerioux, J. Schrevel, and D. Rigomier. 1994. 3-Hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors lovastatin and simvastatin inhibit in vitro development of Plasmodium falciparum and Babesia divergens in human erythrocytes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1144-1148.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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  14. Pradines, B., M. Torrentino-Madamet, A. Fontaine, M. Henry, E. Baret, J. Mosnier, S. Briolant, T. Fusai, and C. Rogier. 2007. Atorvastatin is 10-fold more active in vitro than other statins against Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:2654-2655.[Free Full Text]
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Robin Kobbe*
Nadine Schreiber
Jürgen May
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74
D-20359 Hamburg, Germany

Thomas Jacobs
Department of Immunology
Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine
Hamburg, Germany

* Phone: 49(0)4042818-503, Fax: 49(0)4042818-512, E-mail: kobbe{at}bni-hamburg.de

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, April 2008, p. 1583-1584, Vol. 52, No. 4
0066-4804/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01428-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




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