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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, February 2000, p. 348-354, Vol. 44, No. 2
0066-4804/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Candida albicans Mutants Deficient in Respiration Are Resistant to the Small Cationic Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin 5

Csilla Gyurko,1 Urs Lendenmann,1 Robert F. Troxler,1,2 and Frank G. Oppenheim1,2,*

Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine1 and Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine,2 Boston, Massachusetts 02118-2392

Received 22 July 1999/Returned for modification 22 September 1999/Accepted 25 October 1999

Histatins are a group of small cationic peptides in human saliva which are well known for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. In a previous study we demonstrated that histatin 5 kills both blastoconidia and germ tubes of Candida albicans in a time- and concentration-dependent manner at 37°C, whereas no killing was detected at 4°C. This indicated that killing activity depends on cellular energy. To test histatin 5 killing activity at lower cellular ATP levels at 37°C, respiratory mutants, or so-called petite mutants, of C. albicans were prepared. These mutants are deficient in respiration due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Mutants were initially identified by their small colony size and were further characterized with respect to colony morphology, growth characteristics, respiratory activity, and cytochrome spectra. The killing activity of histatin 5 at the highest concentration was only 28 to 30% against respiratory mutants, whereas 98% of the wild-type cells were killed. Furthermore, histatin 5 killing activity was also tested on wild-type cells in the presence of the respiratory inhibitor sodium azide or, alternatively, the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. In both cases histatin 5 killing activity was significantly reduced. Additionally, supernatants and pellets of cells incubated with histatin 5 in the presence or absence of inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthesis were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. It was observed that wild-type cells accumulated large amounts of histatin 5, while wild-type cells treated with inhibitors or petite mutants did not accumulate significant amounts of the peptide. These data showed first that cellular accumulation of histatin 5 is necessary for killing activity and second that accumulation of histatin 5 depends on the availability of cellular energy. Therefore, mitochondrial ATP synthesis is required for effective killing activity of histatin 5.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany St. W201, Boston, MA 02118-2392. Phone: (617) 638-4727. Fax: (617) 638-4924. E-mail: fropp{at}bu.edu.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, February 2000, p. 348-354, Vol. 44, No. 2
0066-4804/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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