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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, August 2001, p. 2348-2353, Vol. 45, No. 8
0066-4804/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AAC.45.8.2348-2353.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Resistance to Moxifloxacin in Toxigenic Clostridium difficile Isolates Is Associated with Mutations in gyrA

Grit Ackermann,1,2,* Yajarayma J. Tang,1 Robert Kueper,3 Peter Heisig,4 Arne C. Rodloff,2 Joseph Silva Jr.,1 and Stuart H. Cohen1

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California-Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, California,1 and Institute for Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig,2 Merlin Diagnostika mbH, 53332 Bornheim-Hersel,3 and Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg,4 Germany

Received 21 December 2000/Returned for modification 12 February 2001/Accepted 24 May 2001

Clostridium difficile is the etiological agent of antibiotic-associated colitis and the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea. Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin are associated with lower risks of C. difficile-associated diarrhea. In this study, we have analyzed 72 C. difficile isolates obtained from patients with different clinical courses of disease, such as toxic megacolon and relapses; the hospital environment; public places; and horses. They were investigated for their susceptibilities to moxifloxacin (MXF), metronidazole (MEO), and vancomycin (VAN). Mutants highly resistant to fluoroquinolones were selected in vitro by stepwise exposure to increasing concentrations of MXF. The resulting mutants were analyzed for the presence of mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of DNA gyrase (gyrA), the production of toxins A and B, and the epidemiological relationship of these isolates. These factors were also investigated using PCR-based methods. All strains tested were susceptible to MEO and VAN. Twenty-six percent of the clinical isolates (19 of 72) were highly resistant to MXF (MIC >=  16 µg/ml). Fourteen of these 19 strains contained nucleotide changes resulting in amino acid substitutions at position 83 in the gyrA protein. Resistant strains selected in vitro did not contain mutations at that position. These findings indicate that resistance to MXF in a majority of cases may be due to amino acid substitution in the gyrA gene.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of California-Davis Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, PSSB, Suite 500, 4150 V St., Sacramento, CA 95817. Phone: (916) 734-3741. Fax: (916) 734-0518. E-mail: grit.ackermann{at}ucdmc.ucdavis.edu.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, August 2001, p. 2348-2353, Vol. 45, No. 8
0066-4804/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AAC.45.8.2348-2353.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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