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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, May 2002, p. 1441-1446, Vol. 46, No. 5
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.5.1441-1446.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

In Vitro Plasmodium falciparum Drug Sensitivity Assay: Inhibition of Parasite Growth by Incorporation of Stomatocytogenic Amphiphiles into the Erythrocyte Membrane

Hanne L. Ziegler,¹ Dan Stærk,¹ Jette Christensen,¹ Lars Hviid,² Henry Hägerstrand,³ and Jerzy W. Jaroszewski^1*

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy,¹ Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark,² Department of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Åbo/Turku, Finland³

Received 19 November 2001/ Returned for modification 8 January 2002/ Accepted 7 February 2002

Lupeol, which shows in vitro inhibitory activity against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 27.7 ± 0.5 µM, was shown to cause a transformation of the human erythrocyte shape toward that of stomatocytes. Good correlation between the IC₅₀ value and the membrane curvature changes caused by lupeol was observed. Preincubation of erythrocytes with lupeol, followed by extensive washing, made the cells unsuitable for parasite growth, suggesting that the compound incorporates into erythrocyte membrane irreversibly. On the other hand, lupeol-treated parasite culture continued to grow well in untreated erythrocytes. Thus, the antiplasmodial activity of lupeol appears to be indirect, being due to stomatocytic transformation of the host cell membrane and not to toxic effects via action on a drug target within the parasite. A number of amphiphiles that cause stomatocyte formation, but not those causing echinocyte formation, were shown to inhibit growth of the parasites, apparently via a mechanism similar to that of lupeol. Since antiplasmodial agents that inhibit parasite growth through erythrocyte membrane modifications must be regarded as unsuitable as leads for development of new antimalarial drugs, care must be exercised in the interpretation of results of screening of plant extracts and natural product libraries by an in vitro Plasmodium toxicity assay.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Phone: 45-3530-6372. Fax: 45-3530-6040. E-mail: jj{at}dfh.dk.

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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, May 2002, p. 1441-1446, Vol. 46, No. 5
0066-4804/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AAC.46.5.1441-1446.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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