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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2006, p. 1927-1930, Vol. 50, No. 6
0066-4804/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01472-05
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Transmission-Blocking Activities of Quinine, Primaquine, and Artesunate

Kesinee Chotivanich,1 Jetsumon Sattabongkot,2 Rachanee Udomsangpetch,3 Sornchai Looareesuwan,1 Nicholas P. J. Day,1,4 Russell E. Coleman,2 and Nicholas J. White1,4*

Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine,1 Department of Entomology, AFRIMS,2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,3 Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom4

Received 15 November 2005/ Returned for modification 30 January 2006/ Accepted 9 February 2006

The infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes after exposure in vitro to quinine, artesunate, and primaquine was assessed in Anopheles dirus, a major vector of malaria in Southeast Asia. Mature gametocytes (stage 5) of a Thai isolate of P. falciparum were exposed to the drugs for 24 h in vitro before membrane feeding to A. dirus. After 10 days, the mosquito midguts were dissected and the oocysts were counted. In this system, artesunate showed the most potent transmission-blocking activity; the mean (standard deviation [SD]) 50% and 90% effective concentrations (EC50, and EC90, respectively, in nanograms per milliliter) were 0.1 (0.02) and 0.4 (0.15), respectively. Transmission-blocking activity of quinine and primaquine was observed at relatively high concentrations (SDs): EC50 of quinine, 642 (111) ng/ml; EC50 of primaquine, 181 (23) ng/ml; EC90 of quinine, 816 (96) ng/ml; EC90 of primaquine, 543 (43) ng/ml. Artesunate both prevents the maturation of immature P. falciparum gametocytes and reduces the transmission potential of mature gametocytes. Both of these effects may contribute to reducing malaria transmission.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok, Thailand 10400. Phone: 66 2 354 9172. Fax: 66 2 354 9169. E-mail: nickw{at}tropmedres.ac.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, June 2006, p. 1927-1930, Vol. 50, No. 6
0066-4804/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.01472-05
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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