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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, October 2008, p. 3467-3477, Vol. 52, No. 10
0066-4804/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00439-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Antimalarial Activity of Phenylthiazolyl-Bearing Hydroxamate-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Geoffrey S. Dow,1* Yufeng Chen,2 Katherine T. Andrews,3,4,5 Diana Caridha,1 Lucia Gerena,1 Montip Gettayacamin,6 Jacob Johnson,1 Qigui Li,1 Victor Melendez,1 Nicanor Obaldia III,7 Thanh N. Tran,4 and Alan P. Kozikowski2*

Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910,1 Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood, Chicago, Illinois 60612,2 Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia,3 Griffith Medical Research College, Joint Program of Griffith University and the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia,4 Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia,5 Department of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Component, Armed Forces Institute of Medical Sciences, 315/6, Rajthevi, Bangkok, Thailand 10400,6 Tropical Medicine Research/Gorgas Memorial Institute, Ave. Justo Arosemena no. 3530, Panama City, Panama7

Received 2 April 2008/ Returned for modification 2 May 2008/ Accepted 7 July 2008

The antimalarial activity and pharmacology of a series of phenylthiazolyl-bearing hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) was evaluated. In in vitro growth inhibition assays approximately 50 analogs were evaluated against four drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The range of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) was 0.0005 to >1 µM. Five analogs exhibited IC50s of <3 nM, and three of these exhibited selectivity indices of >600. The most potent compound, WR301801 (YC-2-88) was shown to cause hyperacetylation of P. falciparum histones, which is a marker for HDAC inhibition in eukaryotic cells. The compound also inhibited malarial and mammalian HDAC activity in functional assays at low nanomolar concentrations. WR301801 did not exhibit cures in P. berghei-infected mice at oral doses as high as 640 mg/kg/day for 3 days or in P. falciparum-infected Aotus lemurinus lemurinus monkeys at oral doses of 32 mg/kg/day for 3 days, despite high relative bioavailability. The failure of monotherapy in mice may be due to a short half-life, since the compound was rapidly hydrolyzed to an inactive acid metabolite by loss of its hydroxamate group in vitro (half-life of 11 min in mouse microsomes) and in vivo (half-life in mice of 3.5 h after a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg). However, WR301801 exhibited cures in P. berghei-infected mice when combined at doses of 52 mg/kg/day orally with subcurative doses of chloroquine. Next-generation HDACIs with greater metabolic stability than WR301801 may be useful as antimalarials if combined appropriately with conventional antimalarial drugs.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address for G. S. Dow: Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910. Phone: (301) 319-9009. Fax: (301) 319-9954. E-mail: Geoffrey.Dow{at}amedd.army.mil. Mailing address for A. Kozikowski: Drug Discovery Program, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood, Chicago, IL 60612. Phone: (312) 996-7577. Fax: (312) 413-1701. E-mail: kozikowa{at}uic.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 21 July 2008.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aac.asm.org/.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, October 2008, p. 3467-3477, Vol. 52, No. 10
0066-4804/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00439-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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