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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, January 2009, p. 63-68, Vol. 53, No. 1
0066-4804/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00762-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Rapid Depletion of Free Vancomycin in Medium in the Presence of β-Lactam Antibiotics and Growth Restoration in Staphylococcus aureus Strains with β-Lactam-Induced Vancomycin Resistance

Chie Yanagisawa,¹ Hideaki Hanaki,^1* Hidehito Matsui,¹ Shinsuke Ikeda,^1,2 Taiji Nakae,¹ and Keisuke Sunakawa²

Research Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Kitasato Institute University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan,¹ Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato Institute University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan²

Received 11 June 2008/ Returned for modification 27 July 2008/ Accepted 8 October 2008

A class of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains shows vancomycin resistance in the presence of β-lactam antibiotics (β-lactam-induced VAN-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus [BIVR]). Two possible explanations may be offered: (i) vancomycin in culture medium is depleted, and (ii) the D-Ala-D-Ala terminal of the peptidoglycan network is replaced with D-Ala-D-lactate. We tested these hypotheses by quantifying free vancomycin in the medium through the course of cell growth and by PCR amplification of the van genes. Growth of the BIVR cells to an absorption level of 0.3 at 578 nm required about 24 h in the presence of vancomycin alone at the MIC (4.0 µg/ml). However, growth was achieved in only about 10 h when 1/1,000 to 1/2,000 the MIC of β-lactam antibiotic was added 2 h prior to the addition of vancomycin, suggesting that the β-lactams shortened the time to recovery from vancomycin-mediated growth inhibition. Free vancomycin in the culture medium decreased to 2.3 µg/ml in the first 8 h in the culture containing vancomycin alone, yet cell growth was undetectable. When the vancomycin concentration dropped below 1.5 µg/ml at 24 h, the cells began to grow. In the culture supplemented with the β-lactam 2 h prior to the addition of vancomycin, the drug concentration continuously dropped from 4 to 0.5 µg/ml in the first 8 h, and the cells began to grow at a vancomycin concentration of 1.7 µg/ml or at 4 h of incubation. The gene encoding the enzyme involved in D-Ala-D-lactate synthesis was undetectable. Based on these results, we concluded that BIVR is attributable mainly to a rapid depletion of vancomycin in the medium triggered or promoted by β-lactam antibiotics.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Research Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, the Kitasato Institute University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan. Phone: 81-3-5791-6413. Fax: 81-3-5791-6415. E-mail: hanaki{at}insti.kitasato-u.ac.jp

Published ahead of print on 20 October 2008.

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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, January 2009, p. 63-68, Vol. 53, No. 1
0066-4804/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AAC.00762-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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