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Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:10.1128/AAC.00457-07
Copyright (c) 2007, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

Complete nucleotide sequence of the pCTX-M3 plasmid and its involvement in spread of the extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) gene bla_CTX-M-3

M. Gobiewski, I. Kern-Zdanowicz^*, M. Zienkiewicz, M. Adamczyk, J. ylinska, A. Baraniak, M. Gniadkowski, J. Bardowski, and P. Cegowski

Department of Microbial Biochemistry Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of Polish Academy of Sciences, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: iza{at}ibb.waw.pl.

	Abstract

Here, we report the nucleotide sequence of pCTX-M3, a highly conjugative plasmid that is responsible for the extensive spread of the gene coding for the CTX-M-3 extended-spectrum -lactamase (ESBL) in clinical populations of Enterobacteriaceae in Poland. The plasmid belongs to IncL/M incompatibility group, is 89,468 bp in size and carries 103 putative genes. Besides bla_CTX-M-3 it bears also bla_TEM-1, aacC2 and armA genes, as well as integronic aadA2, dfrA12 and sul1, which altogether confer resistance to the majority of -lactams and aminoglycosides, and to trimethoprim-sulphametoxazole. The conjugal transfer genes are organized in two blocks, tra and trb separated by a spacer sequence where almost all antibiotic resistance genes and multiple mobile genetic elements are located. Only bla_CTX-M-3, accompanied by a ISEcp1 element, is placed separately, in a DNA fragment previously identified as a fragment of Kluyvera ascorbata chromosome. On the basis of sequence analysis we speculate that pCTX-M3 might have arisen from plasmid pEL60 from plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora by acquiring of mobile elements with resistance genes. This suggests that plamids of environmental bacterial strains could be the source of those observed now in human-pathogenic bacteria.

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