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  • Autophagy Induction by a Small Molecule Inhibits Salmonella Survival in Macrophages and Mice
    Autophagy Induction by a Small Molecule Inhibits Salmonella Survival in Macrophages and Mice
  • Amphotericin B Penetrates into the Central Nervous System through Focal Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Hematogenous Candida Meningoencephalitis
    Amphotericin B Penetrates into the Central Nervous System through Focal Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Hematogenous Candida Meningoencephalitis
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Minireviews

  • A Pharmacology Perspective on Simultaneous Tuberculosis and Hepatitis C Treatment
    Minireview
    A Pharmacology Perspective on Simultaneous Tuberculosis and Hepatitis C Treatment

    Tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are both major public health problems. Despite high rates of coinfection, there is scarce literature addressing the convergence of the two diseases. One particularly unexplored area is the potential for simultaneous treatment of TB and HCV which would allow for leveraging an extensive global TB treatment infrastructure to help scale up HCV treatment.

    Russell R. Kempker, Wael A. Alghamdi, Mohammad H. Al-Shaer, Gena Burch, Charles A. Peloquin
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> to Newer Antimicrobial Agents
    Editor's Pick Minireview
    Antimicrobial Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Newer Antimicrobial Agents

    Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) result in significant morbidity and mortality for patients in both community and health care settings. This is primarily due to the difficulty in treating MRSA, which is often resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics.

    Richard R. Watkins, Marisa Holubar, Michael Z. David

Mechanisms of Action: Physiological Effects

  • Open Access
    RexAB Is Essential for the Mutagenic Repair of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> DNA Damage Caused by Co-trimoxazole
    Mechanisms of Action: Physiological Effects
    RexAB Is Essential for the Mutagenic Repair of Staphylococcus aureus DNA Damage Caused by Co-trimoxazole

    Co-trimoxazole (SXT) is a combination therapeutic that consists of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that is increasingly used to treat skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the use of SXT is limited to the treatment of low-burden, superficial...

    Rebecca S. Clarke, Maya S. Bruderer, Kam Pou Ha, Andrew M. Edwards
  • Open Access
    Autophagy Induction by a Small Molecule Inhibits <em>Salmonella</em> Survival in Macrophages and Mice
    Mechanisms of Action: Physiological Effects
    Autophagy Induction by a Small Molecule Inhibits Salmonella Survival in Macrophages and Mice

    Salmonella enterica is a natural bacterial pathogen of humans and animals that causes systemic infection or gastroenteritis. During systemic infection, Salmonella generally resides within professional phagocytes, typically macrophages, whereas gastroenteritis is caused by infection of epithelial cells. We are only beginning to understand which host pathways...

    Toni A. Nagy, Joaquin L. J. Quintana, Abigail L. Reens, Amy L. Crooks, Corrella S. Detweiler
  • Colistin Resistance-Mediated Bacterial Surface Modification Sensitizes Phage Infection
    Editor's Pick Mechanisms of Action: Physiological Effects
    Colistin Resistance-Mediated Bacterial Surface Modification Sensitizes Phage Infection

    Colistin is a drug of last resort for the treatment of many multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). However, bacteria readily acquire resistance to this antibiotic via lipopolysaccharide modifications caused by spontaneous mutations or from enzymes acquired by lateral gene transfer. The fitness cost...

    Guijuan Hao, Annie I. Chen, Ming Liu, Haijian Zhou, Marisa Egan, Xiaoman Yang, Biao Kan, Hui Wang, Mark Goulian, Jun Zhu

Mechanisms of Resistance

  • Phenotypic, Biochemical, and Genetic Analysis of KPC-41, a KPC-3 Variant Conferring Resistance to Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Exhibiting Reduced Carbapenemase Activity
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    Phenotypic, Biochemical, and Genetic Analysis of KPC-41, a KPC-3 Variant Conferring Resistance to Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Exhibiting Reduced Carbapenemase Activity

    A novel KPC variant, KPC-41, was identified in a Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate from Switzerland. This β-lactamase possessed a 3-amino-acid insertion (Pro-Asn-Lys) located between amino acids 269 and 270 compared to the KPC-3 amino acid sequence.

    Linda Mueller, Amandine Masseron, Guy Prod’Hom, Tatiana Galperine, Gilbert Greub, Laurent Poirel, Patrice Nordmann
  • Interaction of ArmZ with the DNA-Binding Domain of MexZ Induces Expression of <em>mexXY</em> Multidrug Efflux Pump Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span>
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    Interaction of ArmZ with the DNA-Binding Domain of MexZ Induces Expression of mexXY Multidrug Efflux Pump Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    Multidrug efflux pumps play an important role in antibiotic resistance in bacteria. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MexXY pump provides intrinsic resistance to many antimicrobials, including aminoglycosides. The expression of the mexXY operon is negatively regulated by the MexZ repressor. This repression is alleviated in response to antibiotic-induced ribosome...

    Adam Kawalek, Magdalena Modrzejewska, Bartlomiej Zieniuk, Aneta Agnieszka Bartosik, Grazyna Jagura-Burdzy
  • Sequence-Based Epidemiology of an OXA-48 Plasmid during a Hospital Outbreak
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    Sequence-Based Epidemiology of an OXA-48 Plasmid during a Hospital Outbreak

    A large OXA-48 outbreak in The Netherlands involved the spread of OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae among at least 118 patients, suggesting horizontal transfer of this resistance gene through one or more plasmids. Elucidating transmission dynamics of resistance plasmids is hampered by the low resolution of classic typing methods. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of plasmids carrying the OXA-48...

    Laura Hidalgo, Mark de Been, Malbert R. C. Rogers, Anita C. Schürch, Jelle Scharringa, Anneke van der Zee, Marc J. M. Bonten, Ad C. Fluit
  • Roles of Lytic Transglycosylases in Biofilm Formation and β-Lactam Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span>
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    Roles of Lytic Transglycosylases in Biofilm Formation and β-Lactam Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

    Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for numerous community outbreaks and is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections with significant morbidity and mortality. While the function of lytic transglycosylases (LTs) in relation to cell division, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance has been determined for several bacteria, their role in...

    Anne-Aurelie Lopes, Yutaka Yoshii, Satomi Yamada, Mari Nagakura, Yuki Kinjo, Yoshimitsu Mizunoe, Ken-ichi Okuda
  • Open Access
    Comprehensive Genome Analysis of Carbapenem-Resistant Strains of <em>Raoultella</em> Species, an Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Bacterium in Hospitals
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    Comprehensive Genome Analysis of Carbapenem-Resistant Strains of Raoultella Species, an Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Bacterium in Hospitals

    We report the characterization of six carbapenem-resistant Raoultella spp. (CRRS) in our hospital and a genomic analysis of 58 publicly available isolates. CRRS isolates are sporadically identified around the world, and different transposons carrying carbapenemases were the resistant mechanisms. Mobile genetic elements play an important role in acquiring antibiotic resistance genes from the hospital.

    Xiao Yu, Beiwen Zheng, Jing Zhang, Hao Xu, Tingting Xiao, Yanzi Zhou, Shuntian Zhang, Yunying Zhu, Yuan Wang, Yonghong Xiao
  • Acquisition of Class C β-Lactamase PAC-1 by Sequence Type 644 Strains of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span>
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    Acquisition of Class C β-Lactamase PAC-1 by Sequence Type 644 Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    Four sequence type 664 (ST664) (serotype O:5) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were highly resistant to antibiotics, including ceftolozane-tazobactam and ceftazidime-avibactam, but were susceptible to colistin were found to harbor the gene encoding the rare class C β-lactamase PAC-1 on a chromosomally located Tn1721-like transposon. The bla...

    Maxime Bour, Damien Fournier, Thomas Jové, Armelle Pouzol, Guillaume Miltgen, Frédéric Janvier, Katy Jeannot, Patrick Plésiat
  • Cold Shock Induces Chromosomal <em>qnr</em> in <em>Vibrio</em> Species and Plasmid-Mediated <em>qnrS1</em> in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span>
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    Cold Shock Induces Chromosomal qnr in Vibrio Species and Plasmid-Mediated qnrS1 in Escherichia coli

    qnr genes are found in aquatic bacteria and were present in the bacterial community before the introduction of synthetic quinolones. Their natural functions are unknown. We evaluated expression of chromosomal qnr in Vibrio species in response to environmental stresses and DNA-damaging agents. Subinhibitory concentrations of quinolones, but not other DNA-damaging agents, increased expression of chromosomal ...

    Hee-Chang Jang, Yin Wang, Chunhui Chen, Laura Vinué, George A. Jacoby, David C. Hooper
  • CTX-M-33 Is a CTX-M-15 Derivative Conferring Reduced Susceptibility to Carbapenems
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    CTX-M-33 Is a CTX-M-15 Derivative Conferring Reduced Susceptibility to Carbapenems

    CTX-M-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are widespread among Enterobacterales strains worldwide. The most common variant is CTX-M-15, which hydrolyzes ceftazidime at a high rate but spares carbapenems. Here, we identified CTX-M-33, a point mutation derivative of CTX-M-15 (Asp to Ser substitution at Ambler position 109) that exhibited low carbapenemase activity.

    Laurent Poirel, José-Manuel Ortiz de la Rosa, Anaïs Richard, Marta Aires-de-Sousa, Patrice Nordmann
  • A Large-Scale Whole-Genome Comparison Shows that Experimental Evolution in Response to Antibiotics Predicts Changes in Naturally Evolved Clinical <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span>
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    A Large-Scale Whole-Genome Comparison Shows that Experimental Evolution in Response to Antibiotics Predicts Changes in Naturally Evolved Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a wide range of acute and chronic infections. An increasing number of isolates have mutations that make them antibiotic resistant, making treatment difficult. To identify resistance-associated mutations, we experimentally evolved the antibiotic-sensitive strain...

    Samuel J. T. Wardell, Attika Rehman, Lois W. Martin, Craig Winstanley, Wayne M. Patrick, Iain L. Lamont
  • A 2.5-Year Within-Patient Evolution of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> Isolates with <em>In Vivo</em> Acquisition of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam and Ceftazidime-Avibactam Resistance upon Treatment
    Editor's Pick Mechanisms of Resistance
    A 2.5-Year Within-Patient Evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates with In Vivo Acquisition of Ceftolozane-Tazobactam and Ceftazidime-Avibactam Resistance upon Treatment

    Ceftolozane-tazobactam is considered to be a last-resort treatment for infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although resistance to this antimicrobial has been described in vitro, the development of resistance in vivo has rarely been reported. Here, we describe the evolution of resistance to ceftolozane-tazobactam of...

    Thibaud Boulant, Agnès B. Jousset, Rémy A. Bonnin, Aurélie Barrail-Tran, Adrien Borgel, Saoussen Oueslati, Thierry Naas, Laurent Dortet
  • Detection of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Candida auris</span> Antifungal Drug Resistance Markers Directly from Clinical Skin Swabs
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    Detection of Candida auris Antifungal Drug Resistance Markers Directly from Clinical Skin Swabs

    Accurate and rapid assessment of Candida auris antifungal drug resistance is crucial for effective infection prevention and control actions, as well as for patient management. Here, performance of a molecular diagnostic platform, enabling rapid identification of FKS1 and ERG11 mutations conferring echinocandin and azole resistance, respectively, was...

    Milena Kordalewska, Annie Lee, Yanan Zhao, David S. Perlin

Susceptibility

  • Open Access
    Regrowth of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> Populations Exposed to Antibiotic Combinations Is Due to the Presence of Isoniazid and Not Bacterial Growth Rate
    Susceptibility
    Regrowth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Populations Exposed to Antibiotic Combinations Is Due to the Presence of Isoniazid and Not Bacterial Growth Rate

    Modulation of the growth rate in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is key to its survival in the host, particularly with regard to its adaptation during chronic infection, when the growth rate is very slow. The resulting physiological changes influence the way in which this pathogen interacts with the host and responds to antibiotics. Therefore, it is important that we...

    Charlotte L. Hendon-Dunn, Henry Pertinez, Alice A. N. Marriott, Kim A. Hatch, Jon C. Allnutt, Geraint Davies, Joanna Bacon
  • Open Access
    Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Molecular Characterization Using Whole-Genome Sequencing of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Clostridioides difficile</span> Collected in 82 Hospitals in Japan between 2014 and 2016
    Susceptibility
    Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Molecular Characterization Using Whole-Genome Sequencing of Clostridioides difficile Collected in 82 Hospitals in Japan between 2014 and 2016

    We studied the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics, using draft whole-genome sequencing, of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile strains before and after treatment in adults with...

    Kotaro Aoki, Shinobu Takeda, Takashi Miki, Yoshikazu Ishii, Kazuhiro Tateda
  • <em>In Vitro</em> Antifungal Combination of Flucytosine with Amphotericin B, Voriconazole, or Micafungin against <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Candida auris</span> Shows No Antagonism
    Susceptibility
    In Vitro Antifungal Combination of Flucytosine with Amphotericin B, Voriconazole, or Micafungin against Candida auris Shows No Antagonism

    Candida auris is an emerging, multidrug-resistant pathogen responsible for invasive hospital-acquired infections. Flucytosine is an effective anti-Candida species drug, but which cannot be used as a monotherapy because of the risk of development of resistant mutants during treatment. It is, therefore, noteworthy to test possible combinations with flucytosine...

    A. L. Bidaud, F. Botterel, A. Chowdhary, E. Dannaoui
  • High <em>In Vitro</em> Susceptibility to the First-in-Class Spiropyrimidinetrione Zoliflodacin among Consecutive Clinical <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</span> Isolates from Thailand and South Africa
    Susceptibility
    High In Vitro Susceptibility to the First-in-Class Spiropyrimidinetrione Zoliflodacin among Consecutive Clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates from Thailand and South Africa

    We evaluated the in vitro susceptibility to the first-in-class spiropyrimidinetrione zoliflodacin among recent consecutive clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates cultured in Thailand (n = 99) (in 2018) and South Africa (n = 100) (in 2015 to 2017).

    Susanne Jacobsson, Ranmini Kularatne, Rossaphorn Kittiyaowamarn, Venessa Maseko, Porntip Paopang, Pongsathorn Sangprasert, Pachara Sirivongrangson, Laura Piddock, Teodora Wi, Emilie Alirol, Magnus Unemo
  • Activity of a Novel 1,3-Beta-<span class="sc">d</span>-Glucan Synthase Inhibitor, Ibrexafungerp (Formerly SCY-078), against <em>Candida glabrata</em>
    Susceptibility
    Activity of a Novel 1,3-Beta-d-Glucan Synthase Inhibitor, Ibrexafungerp (Formerly SCY-078), against Candida glabrata

    Ibrexafungerp (formerly SCY-078), a novel glucan synthase inhibitor with oral availability, was evaluated for activity against Candida glabrata. The susceptibility of clinical strains to ibrexafungerp was determined by microdilution and time-kill assays. The MIC range against wild-type strains was 1 to 2 μg/ml. Ibrexafungerp was also active against the majority of...

    M. Ghannoum, L. Long, N. Isham, C. Hager, R. Wilson, K. Borroto-Esoda, S. Barat, D. Angulo
  • Open Access
    Derepression of the <em>smvA</em> Efflux System Arises in Clinical Isolates of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Proteus mirabilis</span> and Reduces Susceptibility to Chlorhexidine and Other Biocides
    Susceptibility
    Derepression of the smvA Efflux System Arises in Clinical Isolates of Proteus mirabilis and Reduces Susceptibility to Chlorhexidine and Other Biocides

    Proteus mirabilis is a common pathogen of the catheterized urinary tract and often described as intrinsically resistant to the biocide chlorhexidine (CHD). Here, we demonstrate that derepression of the smvA efflux system has occurred in clinical isolates of P. mirabilis and reduces...

    H. Pelling, L. J. Bock, J. Nzakizwanayo, M. E. Wand, E. L. Denham, W. M. MacFarlane, J. M. Sutton, B. V. Jones

Antiviral Agents

  • Azithromycin Protects against Zika Virus Infection by Upregulating Virus-Induced Type I and III Interferon Responses
    Antiviral Agents
    Azithromycin Protects against Zika Virus Infection by Upregulating Virus-Induced Type I and III Interferon Responses

    Azithromycin (AZM) is a widely used antibiotic, with additional antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties that remain poorly understood. Although Zika virus (ZIKV) poses a significant threat to global health, there are currently no vaccines or effective therapeutics against it. Here, we report that AZM effectively suppresses ZIKV infection in vitro by targeting a late stage in the viral life cycle.

    Chunfeng Li, Shulong Zu, Yong-Qiang Deng, Dapei Li, Kislay Parvatiyar, Natalie Quanquin, Jingzhe Shang, Nina Sun, Jiaqi Su, Zhenyang Liu, Min Wang, Saba R. Aliyari, Xiao-Feng Li, Aiping Wu, Feng Ma, Yi Shi, Karin Nielsen-Saines, Jae U. Jung, Frank Xiao-Feng Qin, Cheng-Feng Qin, Genhong Cheng
  • Open Access
    Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antiviral Activity of AT-527, a Novel Purine Nucleotide Prodrug, in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Subjects with or without Cirrhosis
    Antiviral Agents
    Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antiviral Activity of AT-527, a Novel Purine Nucleotide Prodrug, in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Subjects with or without Cirrhosis

    AT-527 is a novel modified guanosine nucleotide prodrug inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase, with increased in vitro antiviral activity compared to sofosbuvir and a highly differentiated favorable preclinical profile compared to other anti-HCV nucleoside/nucleotide analogs.

    Elina Berliba, Maxim Bogus, Frédéric Vanhoutte, Pieter-Jan Berghmans, Steven S. Good, Adel Moussa, Keith Pietropaolo, Robert L. Murphy, Xiao-Jian Zhou, Jean-Pierre Sommadossi
  • Interplay of Amino Acid Residues at Positions 28 and 31 in NS5A Defines Resistance Pathways in Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2
    Antiviral Agents
    Interplay of Amino Acid Residues at Positions 28 and 31 in NS5A Defines Resistance Pathways in Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2

    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 (GT2) represents approximately 9% of all viral infections globally. While treatment outcomes for GT2-infected patients have improved substantially with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) compared to alpha interferon, the presence of polymorphisms in NS5A can impact the efficacy of NS5A inhibitor-containing regimens. Thus, pathways of NS5A resistance were explored in GT2 subtypes using elbasvir, an...

    Ernest Asante-Appiah, Paul Ingravallo, Patricia McMonagle, Karin Bystol, Ellen Xia, Stephanie Curry, Ping Qiu, Stuart Black, Robert Chase, Rong Liu, Fred Lahser
  • Open Access
    Doravirine Exposure and HIV-1 Suppression after Switching from an Efavirenz-Based Regimen to Doravirine-Lamivudine-Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate
    Antiviral Agents
    Doravirine Exposure and HIV-1 Suppression after Switching from an Efavirenz-Based Regimen to Doravirine-Lamivudine-Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate

    Doravirine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of HIV-1. In a phase 1 trial, doravirine exposure was transiently decreased when treatment was started immediately after the cessation of efavirenz treatment.

    Wayne Greaves, Hong Wan, Ka Lai Yee, Bhargava Kandala, Pavan Vaddady, Carey Hwang
  • Synergistic Lethal Mutagenesis of Hepatitis C Virus
    Antiviral Agents
    Synergistic Lethal Mutagenesis of Hepatitis C Virus

    Lethal mutagenesis is an antiviral approach that consists of extinguishing a virus by an excess of mutations acquired during replication in the presence of a mutagenic agent, often a nucleotide analogue. One of its advantages is its broad-spectrum nature, which renders the strategy potentially effective against emergent RNA viral infections. Here we describe the synergistic lethal mutagenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by a combination...

    Isabel Gallego, María Eugenia Soria, Josep Gregori, Ana I. de Ávila, Carlos García-Crespo, Elena Moreno, Ignacio Gadea, Jaime Esteban, Ricardo Fernández-Roblas, Juan Ignacio Esteban, Jordi Gómez, Josep Quer, Esteban Domingo, Celia Perales

Epidemiology and Surveillance

  • Open Access
    No Evidence of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Plasmodium falciparum</span> <em>k13</em> Artemisinin Resistance-Conferring Mutations over a 24-Year Analysis in Coastal Kenya but a Near Complete Reversion to Chloroquine-Sensitive Parasites
    Epidemiology and Surveillance
    No Evidence of Plasmodium falciparum k13 Artemisinin Resistance-Conferring Mutations over a 24-Year Analysis in Coastal Kenya but a Near Complete Reversion to Chloroquine-Sensitive Parasites

    Antimalarial drug resistance is a substantial impediment to malaria control. The spread of resistance has been described using genetic markers, which are important epidemiological tools. We carried out a temporal analysis of changes in allele frequencies of 12 drug resistance markers over 2 decades of changing antimalarial drug policy in Kenya.

    Kevin Wamae, Dorcas Okanda, Leonard Ndwiga, Victor Osoti, Kelvin M. Kimenyi, Abdirahman I. Abdi, Philip Bejon, Colin Sutherland, Lynette Isabella Ochola-Oyier

Experimental Therapeutics

  • Open Access
    GC-072, a Novel Therapeutic Candidate for Oral Treatment of Melioidosis and Infections Caused by Select Biothreat Pathogens
    Experimental Therapeutics
    GC-072, a Novel Therapeutic Candidate for Oral Treatment of Melioidosis and Infections Caused by Select Biothreat Pathogens

    Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis, is a Gram-negative bacterium with additional concern as a biothreat pathogen. The mortality rate from B. pseudomallei varies depending on the type of infection and extent of available health care; in the case of septicemia, left...

    Jeffry D. Shearer, Michelle L. Saylor, Christine M. Butler, Anthony M. Treston, Henry S. Heine, Sunisa Chirakul, Herbert P. Schweizer, Arnold Louie, George L. Drusano, Steven D. Zumbrun, Kelly L. Warfield
  • Prophylaxis of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> H37Rv Infection in a Preclinical Mouse Model via Inhalation of Nebulized Bacteriophage D29
    Experimental Therapeutics
    Prophylaxis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Infection in a Preclinical Mouse Model via Inhalation of Nebulized Bacteriophage D29

    Globally, more people die annually from tuberculosis than from any other single infectious agent. Unfortunately, there is no commercially available vaccine that is sufficiently effective at preventing the acquisition of pulmonary tuberculosis in adults. In this study, preexposure prophylactic pulmonary delivery of active aerosolized antituberculosis bacteriophage D29 was evaluated as an option for protection against...

    Nicholas B. Carrigy, Sasha E. Larsen, Valerie Reese, Tiffany Pecor, Melissa Harrison, Philip J. Kuehl, Graham F. Hatfull, Dominic Sauvageau, Susan L. Baldwin, Warren H. Finlay, Rhea N. Coler, Reinhard Vehring
  • Spore Germination as a Target for Antifungal Therapeutics
    Experimental Therapeutics
    Spore Germination as a Target for Antifungal Therapeutics

    Spores are required for long-term survival of many organisms, including most fungi. For the majority of fatal human fungal pathogens, spore germination is the key process required to initiate vegetative growth and ultimately cause disease. Because germination is required for pathogenesis, the process could hold fungus-specific targets for new antifungal drug development.

    Sébastien C. Ortiz, Mingwei Huang, Christina M. Hull
  • HAMLET, a Protein Complex from Human Milk, Has Bactericidal Activity and Enhances the Activity of Antibiotics against Pathogenic Streptococci
    Experimental Therapeutics
    HAMLET, a Protein Complex from Human Milk, Has Bactericidal Activity and Enhances the Activity of Antibiotics against Pathogenic Streptococci

    HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a protein-lipid complex derived from human milk that was first described for its tumoricidal activity. Later studies showed that HAMLET also has direct bactericidal activity against select species of bacteria, with highest...

    Feiruz Alamiri, Kristian Riesbeck, Anders P. Hakansson
  • Promethazine Exhibits Antiparasitic Properties <em>In Vitro</em> and Reduces Worm Burden, Egg Production, Hepatomegaly, and Splenomegaly in a Schistosomiasis Animal Model
    Experimental Therapeutics
    Promethazine Exhibits Antiparasitic Properties In Vitro and Reduces Worm Burden, Egg Production, Hepatomegaly, and Splenomegaly in a Schistosomiasis Animal Model

    The treatment and control of schistosomiasis, a neglected disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide, rely on the use of a single drug, praziquantel. A vaccine has yet to be developed, and since new drug design and development is a lengthy and costly process, drug repurposing is a promising strategy. In this study, the efficacy of promethazine, a first-generation antihistamine, was evaluated against...

    Daniel B. Roquini, Ramon M. Cogo, Ana C. Mengarda, Susana F. Mazloum, Cristiane S. Morais, Rogério P. Xavier, Maria C. Salvadori, Fernanda S. Teixeira, Luiz E. Ferreira, Pedro L. Pinto, Thiago R. Morais, Josué de Moraes
  • Repurposing Salicylamide for Combating Multidrug-Resistant <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</span>
    Experimental Therapeutics
    Repurposing Salicylamide for Combating Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae

    The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists Neisseria gonorrhoeae as one of the most urgent antibiotic-resistant threats in the United States. This is due to the emergence of clinical isolates that have developed resistance to nearly every antibiotic used to treat gonorrhea and highlights the critical need to find new therapeutics.

    ...
    Marwa Alhashimi, Abdelrahman Mayhoub, Mohamed N. Seleem
  • Monitoring Tuberculosis Drug Activity in Live Animals by Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging
    Experimental Therapeutics
    Monitoring Tuberculosis Drug Activity in Live Animals by Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging

    Worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death due to infection with a single pathogenic agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the absence of an effective vaccine, new, more powerful antibiotics are required to halt the growing spread of multidrug-resistant strains and to shorten the duration of TB treatment. However, assessing drug efficacy at the...

    Raphael Sommer, Stewart T. Cole
  • Exploring Aztreonam in Combination with Ceftazidime-Avibactam or Meropenem-Vaborbactam as Potential Treatments for Metallo- and Serine-β-Lactamase-Producing <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em>
    Experimental Therapeutics
    Exploring Aztreonam in Combination with Ceftazidime-Avibactam or Meropenem-Vaborbactam as Potential Treatments for Metallo- and Serine-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae

    Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, particularly those that coharbor serine β-lactamases, are a serious emerging public health threat given their rapid dissemination and the limited number of treatment options. Preclinical and anecdotal clinical data support the use of aztreonam in combination with ceftazidime-avibactam against these pathogens, but other aztreonam-based combinations have not been explored....

    M. Biagi, T. Wu, M. Lee, S. Patel, D. Butler, E. Wenzler
  • Open Access
    Demonstration of the Broad-Spectrum <em>In Vitro</em> Activity of Finafloxacin against Pathogens of Biodefense Interest
    Experimental Therapeutics
    Demonstration of the Broad-Spectrum In Vitro Activity of Finafloxacin against Pathogens of Biodefense Interest

    This study investigated the in vitro activity of finafloxacin against bacterial strain panels of the biodefense pathogens. Broth microdilution assays were performed at neutral and acidic pH to determine the effectiveness of the antibiotics under conditions typical of an intracellular environment. In all instances, finafloxacin demonstrated superior activity at low pH.

    Kay B. Barnes, Steven D. Zumbrun, Stephanie A. Halasohoris, Purvi D. Desai, Lynda L. Miller, Mark I. Richards, Paul Russell, Christine Bentley, Sarah V. Harding
  • Amphotericin B Penetrates into the Central Nervous System through Focal Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Hematogenous <em>Candida</em> Meningoencephalitis
    Experimental Therapeutics
    Amphotericin B Penetrates into the Central Nervous System through Focal Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Experimental Hematogenous Candida Meningoencephalitis

    Hematogenous Candida meningoencephalitis (HCME) is a life-threatening complication of neonates and immunocompromised children. Amphotericin B (AmB) shows poor permeation and low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations but is effective in the treatment of HCME. In order to better understand the mechanism of CNS penetration of AmB, we hypothesized that AmB may achieve focally higher concentrations in infected CNS lesions.

    ...
    Vidmantas Petraitis, Ruta Petraitiene, Jessica M. Valdez, Vasilios Pyrgos, Martin J. Lizak, Brenda A. Klaunberg, Darius Kalasauskas, Algidas Basevicius, John D. Bacher, Daniel K. Benjamin, William W. Hope, Thomas J. Walsh
  • WCK 5222 (Cefepime-Zidebactam) Pharmacodynamic Target Analysis against Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> in the Neutropenic Mouse Pneumonia Model
    Experimental Therapeutics
    WCK 5222 (Cefepime-Zidebactam) Pharmacodynamic Target Analysis against Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in the Neutropenic Mouse Pneumonia Model

    WCK 5222 is a combination of cefepime and the novel β-lactam enhancer (BLE) zidebactam. Zidebactam has a dual mechanism of action involving high-affinity penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2) binding as well as inhibition of Ambler class A and C enzymes.

    Alexander J. Lepak, Miao Zhao, David R. Andes

Clinical Therapeutics

  • Cost-Effectiveness of Ceftazidime-Avibactam for Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> Bacteremia and Pneumonia
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Cost-Effectiveness of Ceftazidime-Avibactam for Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia and Pneumonia

    Ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) may improve outcomes among patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections compared to those with conventional therapies. However, CAZ-AVI’s cost-effectiveness is unknown. We used a decision analytic model to estimate the health and economic consequences of CAZ-AVI-based therapy compared to colistin-based therapy (COL) for a hypothetical cohort of patients with CRE...

    Matthew S. Simon, Maroun M. Sfeir, David P. Calfee, Michael J. Satlin
  • Early Discontinuation of Ethambutol in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment Based on Results of the GenoType MTBDRplus Assay: a Prospective, Multicenter, Noninferiority Randomized Trial in South Korea
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Early Discontinuation of Ethambutol in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Treatment Based on Results of the GenoType MTBDRplus Assay: a Prospective, Multicenter, Noninferiority Randomized Trial in South Korea

    No studies have investigated whether the discontinuation of ethambutol (EMB) based on susceptibility to isoniazid and rifampin, as determined by the GenoType MTBDRplus assay, would be appropriate. We aimed to determine the feasibility of discontinuing EMB before the end of the intensive phase of treatment based on the results of the MTBDRplus assay in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).

    Kyung-Wook Jo, Mihye Kim, Ye-Jee Kim, Hyun-Kyung Lee, Hyun Kuk Kim, Doosoo Jeon, Jiwon Lyu, Hye Kyeong Park, Jeongha Mok, Ju Sang Kim, Eun Young Heo, Sang Bong Choi, Jae-Joon Yim, Tae Sun Shim
  • Pharmacokinetics and Dialytic Clearance of Isavuconazole during <em>In Vitro</em> and <em>In Vivo</em> Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Pharmacokinetics and Dialytic Clearance of Isavuconazole during In Vitro and In Vivo Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

    The pharmacokinetics (PK) and dialytic clearance of isavuconazole in vitro and in 7 solid-organ transplant patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) were evaluated.

    M. Biagi, D. Butler, X. Tan, S. Qasmieh, K. Tejani, S. Patel, R. M. Rivosecchi, M. H. Nguyen, C. J. Clancy, R. K. Shields, E. Wenzler
  • Population Pharmacokinetics of Ganciclovir after Valganciclovir Treatment in Children with Renal Transplant
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Population Pharmacokinetics of Ganciclovir after Valganciclovir Treatment in Children with Renal Transplant

    Valganciclovir, the ganciclovir prodrug, is an antiviral agent administered orally to prevent or treat cytomegalovirus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. The valganciclovir dosing regimen in children is still controversial, as the number of patients reaching the area under the concentration-time curve at steady state (AUCss) target (40 to 60 mg·h/liter) remains highly variable.

    A. Facchin, V. Elie, N. Benyoub, S. Magreault, A. Maisin, T. Storme, W. Zhao, G. Deschenes, E. Jacqz-Aigrain
  • Open Access
    Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Four Monoclonal Antibody Combination against Botulinum C and D Neurotoxins
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Four Monoclonal Antibody Combination against Botulinum C and D Neurotoxins

    Botulism is caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), the most poisonous substance known. BoNTs are also classified as tier 1 biothreat agents due to their high potency and lethality. The existence of seven BoNT serotypes (A to G), which differ by 35% to 68% in amino acid sequences, necessitates the development of serotype-specific countermeasures.

    Doris M. Snow, Kathryn Riling, Angie Kimbler, Yero Espinoza, David Wong, Khanh Pham, Zachary Martinez, Carl N. Kraus, Fraser Conrad, Consuelo Garcia-Rodriguez, Ronald R. Cobb, James D. Marks, Milan T. Tomic
  • A Thrice-Weekly Ertapenem Regimen Is Practical for Hemodialysis Patients
    Clinical Therapeutics
    A Thrice-Weekly Ertapenem Regimen Is Practical for Hemodialysis Patients

    A change of ertapenem dosage from 500 mg daily to thrice weekly, after each hemodialysis session, can maintain the plasma concentration above 2 mg/liter and be practical for hemodialysis patients.

    Yune-Fang Ueng, Hong-Jaan Wang, Shiao-Chi Wu, Yee-Yung Ng
  • Using State Transition Models To Explore How the Prevalence of Subtherapeutic Posaconazole Exposures Impacts the Clinical Utility of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Posaconazole Tablets and Oral Suspension
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Using State Transition Models To Explore How the Prevalence of Subtherapeutic Posaconazole Exposures Impacts the Clinical Utility of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Posaconazole Tablets and Oral Suspension

    Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been recommended in guidelines for patients receiving posaconazole oral suspension, but its utility in patients receiving posaconazole tablet, which has an improved bioavailability, remains unclear.

    Russell E. Lewis, Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis, Pierluigi Viale, Eric M. Sarpong
  • Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association of Acute Kidney Injury with the Concomitant Use of Vancomycin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Children
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association of Acute Kidney Injury with the Concomitant Use of Vancomycin and Piperacillin-Tazobactam in Children

    Concomitant use of vancomycin plus piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) has been associated with increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized adults. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed and EMBASE for pediatric studies examining this hypothesis, with reference to vancomycin monotherapy or in combination with another beta-lactam antibiotic. Of 1,381 nonduplicate studies, 10 met our inclusion criteria...

    Markos Kalligeros, Spyridon A. Karageorgos, Fadi Shehadeh, Ioannis M. Zacharioudakis, Eleftherios Mylonakis
  • Estimating the Size of the U.S. Market for New Antibiotics with Activity against Carbapenem-Resistant <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em>
    Editor's Pick Clinical Therapeutics
    Estimating the Size of the U.S. Market for New Antibiotics with Activity against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

    New antibiotics with activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) improve outcomes of CRE-infected patients. However, companies developing these drugs have faced financial difficulties. Sales of ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam, and plazomicin in the United States totaled $101 million from February 2018 to January 2019. We estimate that...

    Cornelius J. Clancy, M. Hong Nguyen

Pharmacology

  • Modeling and Simulation of Pretomanid Pharmacodynamics in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
    Pharmacology
    Modeling and Simulation of Pretomanid Pharmacodynamics in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

    Pretomanid (PA-824) is a nitroimidazole in clinical testing for the treatment of tuberculosis. A population pharmacodynamic model for pretomanid was developed using a Bayesian analysis of efficacy data from two early bactericidal activity (EBA) studies, PA-824-CL-007 and PA-824-CL-010, conducted in Cape Town, South Africa.

    Michael A. Lyons
  • Early Bayesian Dose Adjustment of Vancomycin Continuous Infusion in Children in a Randomized Controlled Trial
    Pharmacology
    Early Bayesian Dose Adjustment of Vancomycin Continuous Infusion in Children in a Randomized Controlled Trial

    Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections are a global burden. Area under the concentration-time curve to MIC (AUC/MIC) ratio is the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter that best predicts vancomycin efficacy. Its therapeutic range is narrow, difficult to achieve because of a wide intersubject variability, especially in children, and is not routinely targeted since the AUC is rarely available.

    Romain Berthaud, Sihem Benaboud, Déborah Hirt, Mathieu Genuini, Mehdi Oualha, Martin Castelle, Coralie Briand, Solène Artru, Lorenzo Norsa, Olivia Boyer, Frantz Foissac, Naïm Bouazza, Jean-Marc Tréluyer
  • Preclinical Evaluation of Amphihevir, a First-in-Class Clinical Hepatitis C Virus NS4B Inhibitor
    Pharmacology
    Preclinical Evaluation of Amphihevir, a First-in-Class Clinical Hepatitis C Virus NS4B Inhibitor

    Amphihevir, a benzofuran derivative, is the first reported hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B) inhibitor that has advanced to clinical trials (currently in phase Ib trial [CTR20170632]). Here, we report the results of a preclinical study of its potency, toxicity, selectivity, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK), and safety profiles.

    Xin Tao, Ningyu Wang, Jianfei Wang, Zhifei Fu, Zhengxian Gu, Yang Zhang, Shuhui Chen, Lichun Wang, Luoting Yu
  • Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Nafithromycin (WCK 4873) after Single or Multiple Doses and Effects of Food on Single-Dose Bioavailability in Healthy Adult Subjects
    Pharmacology
    Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Nafithromycin (WCK 4873) after Single or Multiple Doses and Effects of Food on Single-Dose Bioavailability in Healthy Adult Subjects

    Nafithromycin (WCK 4873), a novel lactone-ketolide, was administered to healthy adult subjects in 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 studies. In the first-in-human study, single ascending oral doses of nafithromycin (100 to 1,200 mg) were administered to subjects under fasted or fed conditions, with effects of food on bioavailability of nafithromycin studied at the dose levels of 400 and 800 mg.

    Piotr Iwanowski, Ashima Bhatia, Mugdha Gupta, Anasuya Patel, Rajesh Chavan, Ravindra Yeole, David Friedland
  • Population Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline in Children
    Pharmacology
    Population Pharmacokinetics of Doxycycline in Children

    Doxycycline is a tetracycline-class antimicrobial labeled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for children >8 years of age for many common childhood infections. Doxycycline is not labeled for children ≤8 years of age, due to the association between tetracycline-class antibiotics and tooth staining, although doxycycline may be used off-label under severe conditions.

    Elizabeth J. Thompson, Huali Wu, Chiara Melloni, Stephen Balevic, Janice E. Sullivan, Matthew Laughon, Kira M. Clark, Rohit Kalra, Susan Mendley, Elizabeth H. Payne, Jinson Erinjeri, Casey E. Gelber, Barrie Harper, Michael Cohen-Wolkowiez, Christoph P. Hornik
  • Comparative <em>In Vivo</em> Antibacterial Activity of Human-Simulated Exposures of Cefiderocol and Ceftazidime against <em>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</em> in the Murine Thigh Model
    Pharmacology
    Comparative In Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Human-Simulated Exposures of Cefiderocol and Ceftazidime against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in the Murine Thigh Model

    Cefiderocol is a novel siderophore cephalosporin that utilizes bacterial ferric iron transports to cross the outer membrane. Cefiderocol shows high stability against all classes of β-lactamases, rendering it extremely potent against carbapenem- and multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms.

    Iris H. Chen, James M. Kidd, Kamilia Abdelraouf, David P. Nicolau
  • Observational, Prospective Single-Center Study of Antibiotic Prophylaxis with High-Dose Cefoxitin in Bariatric Surgery
    Pharmacology
    Observational, Prospective Single-Center Study of Antibiotic Prophylaxis with High-Dose Cefoxitin in Bariatric Surgery

    The optimal dose of cefoxitin for antibiotic prophylaxis in obese patients remains uncertain. We evaluated the adequacy of a 4-g dosing regimen of cefoxitin against the most common pathogens that infect patients undergoing bariatric surgery. This observational prospective study included obese patients who required bariatric surgery and a 4-g dose of cefoxitin as an antibiotic prophylaxis. Serum concentrations were measured during...

    Thibaut Belveyre, Philippe Guerci, Elise Pape, Nathalie Thilly, Kossar Hosseini, Laurent Brunaud, Nicolas Gambier, Claude Meistelman, Marie-Reine Losser, Julien Birckener, Julien Scala-Bertola, Emmanuel Novy
  • Open Access
    Renal Glycosuria as a Novel Early Sign of Colistin-Induced Kidney Damage in Mice
    Pharmacology
    Renal Glycosuria as a Novel Early Sign of Colistin-Induced Kidney Damage in Mice

    The polymyxin colistin represents a last-resort antibiotic for multidrug-resistant infections, but its use is limited by the frequent onset of acute drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI). It is essential to closely monitor kidney function prior to and during colistin treatment in order to pinpoint early signs of injury and minimize long-term renal dysfunction. To facilitate this, a mouse model of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity was used to...

    Sophia L. Samodelov, Michele Visentin, Zhibo Gai, Stephanie Häusler, Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick

Letters to the Editor

  • Novel Quinolone Resistance Determinant, <em>qepA8</em>, in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Shigella flexneri</span> Isolated in the United States in 2016
    Letter to the Editor
    Novel Quinolone Resistance Determinant, qepA8, in Shigella flexneri Isolated in the United States in 2016
    Hattie E. Webb, Kaitlin A. Tagg, Jessica C. Chen, Justin Kim, Rebecca Lindsey, Louise K. Francois Watkins, Beth E. Karp, Yo Sugawara, Jason P. Folster
  • Complete Sequence of a <em>tet</em>(X4)-Harboring IncX1 Plasmid, pYY76-1-2, in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span> from a Cow Sample in China
    Letter to the Editor
    Complete Sequence of a tet(X4)-Harboring IncX1 Plasmid, pYY76-1-2, in Escherichia coli from a Cow Sample in China
    Chong Chen, Xiao-Ting Wu, Qian He, Liang Chen, Chao-Yue Cui, Yan Zhang, Shao-Hua Chen, Xiao-Ping Liao, Ya-Hong Liu, Jian Sun
  • Some Doubts on the Study of Clinical Prognoses of Patients with a Bloodstream Infection Caused by Ampicillin-Susceptible but Penicillin-Resistant <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Enterococcus faecalis</span>
    Letter to the Editor
    Some Doubts on the Study of Clinical Prognoses of Patients with a Bloodstream Infection Caused by Ampicillin-Susceptible but Penicillin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis
    Xianshi Zhou, Guanghua Tang
  • Reply to Zhou and Tang, “Some Doubts on the Study of Clinical Prognoses of Patients with Bloodstream Infections Caused by Ampicillin-Susceptible but Penicillin-Resistant <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Enterococcus faecalis</span>”
    Letter to the Editor
    Reply to Zhou and Tang, “Some Doubts on the Study of Clinical Prognoses of Patients with Bloodstream Infections Caused by Ampicillin-Susceptible but Penicillin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis”
    Dokyun Kim, Hyukmin Lee, Eun-Jeong Yoon, Jun Sung Hong, Jong Hee Shin, Young Uh, Kyeong Seob Shin, Jeong Hwan Shin, Young Ah Kim, Yoon Soo Park, Seok Hoon Jeong
  • Cooccurrence of Two <em>tet</em>(X) Variants in an <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Empedobacter brevis</span> Strain of Shrimp Origin
    Letter to the Editor
    Cooccurrence of Two tet(X) Variants in an Empedobacter brevis Strain of Shrimp Origin
    Ruichao Li, Ziyi Liu, Kai Peng, Yuan Liu, Xia Xiao, Zhiqiang Wang
  • Introduction of Selection Biases Due to Loss to Follow-Up in Infectious Disease Retrospective Outcomes Studies
    Letter to the Editor
    Introduction of Selection Biases Due to Loss to Follow-Up in Infectious Disease Retrospective Outcomes Studies
    Maria-Stephanie A. Hughes, Maya Beganovic
  • Reply to Hughes and Beganovic, “Introduction of Selection Biases Due to Loss to Follow-Up in Infectious Disease Retrospective Outcomes Studies”
    Letter to the Editor
    Reply to Hughes and Beganovic, “Introduction of Selection Biases Due to Loss to Follow-Up in Infectious Disease Retrospective Outcomes Studies”
    Giannoula S. Tansarli, Eleftherios Mylonakis

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  • Validating the AMRFinder Tool and Resistance Gene Database by Using Antimicrobial Resistance Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in a Collection of Isolates
  • Trichophyton rubrum Azole Resistance Mediated by a New ABC Transporter, TruMDR3
  • cyp51A Mutations, Extrolite Profiles, and Antifungal Susceptibility in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of the Aspergillus viridinutans Species Complex
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