Editorial
Mechanisms of Action: Physiological Effects
Mechanisms of Action: Physiological EffectsAmixicile Reduces Severity of Cryptosporidiosis but Does Not Have In Vitro Activity against CryptosporidiumCryptosporidium species cause significant morbidity in malnourished children. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is the only approved treatment for cryptosporidiosis, but NTZ has diminished effectiveness during malnutrition.
Mechanisms of Action: Physiological EffectsCompetitive Fitness of Essential Gene Knockdowns Reveals a Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Inhibitor of the Cell Division Protein FtsZTo streamline the elucidation of antibacterial compounds’ mechanism of action, comprehensive high-throughput assays interrogating multiple putative targets are necessary. However, current chemogenomic approaches for antibiotic target identification have not fully utilized the multiplexing potential of next-generation sequencing.
Mechanisms of Action: Physiological EffectsMolecular Basis of the Leishmanicidal Activity of the Antidepressant Sertraline as a Drug Repurposing CandidateDrug repurposing affords the implementation of new treatments at a moderate cost and under a faster time-scale. Most of the clinical drugs against Leishmania share this origin.
Mechanisms of Resistance
Mechanisms of ResistanceLipase Precursor-Like Protein Promotes Miltefosine Tolerance in Leishmania donovani by Enhancing Parasite Infectivity and Eliciting Anti-inflammatory Responses in Host MacrophagesThe oral drug miltefosine (MIL) was introduced in the Indian subcontinent in the year 2002 for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). However, recent reports on its declining efficacy and increasing relapse rates pose a serious concern.
Mechanisms of ResistanceEmergence and Within-Host Genetic Evolution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Linezolid in a Cystic Fibrosis PatientMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has increased in recent years among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Linezolid (LZD) is one of the antistaphylococcal antibiotics widely used in this context.
Mechanisms of ResistancePolymorphism of Polymeric Amino Acid Regions in Fungal Proteins and Correlation with Altered Echinocandin and Azole SusceptibilityPolymorphism of polymeric amino acid (polyX) regions within fungal proteins represents a potential mechanism for rapid genotypic adaptation to environmental pressures, including antifungal exposure. Polyglutamine (polyQ) was the most abundant repeat in the proteomes of 8 diverse fungal species and was preferentially found in regulatory proteins.
Mechanisms of ResistanceRole of Capsule in Resistance to Disinfectants, Host Antimicrobials, and Desiccation in Acinetobacter baumanniiAcinetobacter baumannii strain AB5075 forms two cell types distinguished by their opaque (VIR-O) or translucent (AV-T) colonies. VIR-O cells possess a thicker capsule and are more resistant to a variety of stressors than AV-T cells.
Mechanisms of ResistanceIn Silico Investigation of the Decline in Clinical Efficacy of Artemisinin Combination Therapies Due to Increasing Artemisinin and Partner Drug ResistanceAntimalarial treatment currently relies on an artemisinin derivative and a longer-acting partner drug. With the emergence of resistance to the artemisinin derivatives and the potential pressure this exerts on the partner drugs, the impact of resistance to each drug on efficacy needs to be investigated.
Mechanisms of ResistanceTwo Regulators, PA3898 and PA2100, Modulate the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Multidrug Resistance MexAB-OprM and EmrAB Efflux Pumps and Biofilm FormationIt is generally believed that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix itself acts as a molecular sieve or sink that contributes to significant levels of drug resistance, but it is becoming more apparent that multidrug efflux pumps induced during biofilm growth significantly enhance resistance levels. We present here a novel transcriptional regulator, PA3898, which...
Mechanisms of ResistanceTrichlorination of a Teicoplanin-Type Glycopeptide Antibiotic by the Halogenase StaI Evades ResistanceGlycopeptide antibiotics (GPAs) include clinically important drugs used for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. These antibiotics are specialized metabolites produced by several genera of actinomycete bacteria.
Mechanisms of ResistanceA Hyperactive Form of the Zinc Cluster Transcription Factor Stb5 Causes YOR1 Overexpression and Beauvericin Resistance in Candida albicansGain-of-function mutations in the zinc cluster transcription factors Mrr1, Tac1, and Upc2, which result in constitutive overexpression of their target genes, are a frequent cause of fluconazole resistance in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. In this study, we show that an activated form of another zinc cluster transcription factor, Stb5, confers resistance to the...
Mechanisms of ResistanceHigh Rate of Ceftobiprole Resistance among Clinical Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from a Hospital in Central ItalyCeftobiprole is a fifth-generation cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). One-year surveillance at the Regional Hospital of Ancona (Italy) disclosed a 12% ceftobiprole resistance rate (12/102 isolates; MIC, ≥4 mg/liter).
Susceptibility
SusceptibilityEfficacy of Antifungal Monotherapies and Combinations against Aspergillus calidoustusInvasive fungal infections due to Aspergillus calidoustus with decreased azole susceptibility are emerging in the setting of azole prophylaxis and are associated with poor outcomes. We assessed the in vitro activity of antifungal drugs used alone or in combinations against A. calidoustus...
SusceptibilitySite-Directed Mutagenesis of the 1,3-β-Glucan Synthase Catalytic Subunit of Pneumocystis jirovecii and Susceptibility Assays Suggest Its Sensitivity to CaspofunginThe echinocandin caspofungin inhibits the catalytic subunit Gsc1 of the enzymatic complex synthesizing 1,3-β-glucan, an essential compound of the fungal wall. Studies with rodents showed that caspofungin is effective against Pneumocystis asci.
SusceptibilityRifampin Resistance in Staphylococci after Rifaximin Intake for Surgical Prophylaxis in Elective Colorectal SurgeryThe aim of our study was to determine whether rifampin resistance emerges in human skin staphylococci after oral intake of rifaximin for surgical prophylaxis. Rifampin-resistant staphylococci appeared on the skin of 32 out of 74 patients (43.2%) two weeks after prophylactic treatment with rifaximin.
Editor's Pick SusceptibilityGametocytes from K13 Propeller Mutant Plasmodium falciparum Clinical Isolates Demonstrate Reduced Susceptibility to Dihydroartemisinin in the Male Gamete Exflagellation Inhibition AssayMutations in the kelch propeller domain (K13 propeller) of Plasmodium falciparum parasites from Southeast Asia are associated with reduced susceptibility to artemisinin. We exposed in vitro-cultured stage V gametocytes from Cambodian K13 propeller mutant parasites to dihydroartemisinin and evaluated the inhibition of male gamete formation in an in vitro...
SusceptibilityAntimicrobial Susceptibility of 260 Clostridium botulinum Type A, B, Ba, and Bf Strains and a Neurotoxigenic Clostridium baratii Type F Strain Isolated from California Infant Botulism PatientsInfant botulism is an infectious intestinal toxemia that results from colonization of the infant large bowel by Clostridium botulinum (or rarely, by neurotoxigenic Clostridium baratii or Clostridium butyricum), with subsequent...
SusceptibilityImplications of the EUCAST Trailing Phenomenon in Candida tropicalis for the In Vivo Susceptibility in Invertebrate and Murine Models...Candida tropicalis isolates often display reduced but persistent growth (trailing) over a broad fluconazole concentration range during EUCAST susceptibility testing. Whereas weak trailing (<25% of the positive growth control) is common and found not to impair fluconazole efficacy, we investigated if more pronounced trailing impacted treatment efficacy.
SusceptibilityLow In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Tavaborole against Yeasts and Molds from OnychomycosisThe in vitro activity of tavaborole, an FDA-approved antifungal drug, was compared to that of four antifungal agents against 170 clinical fungal isolates originating from patients with onychomycosis. Tavaborole had low activity against all isolates compared to itraconazole, terbinafine, and fluconazole, the principal choices for treatment of onychomycosis.
Biologic Response Modifiers
Biologic Response ModifiersPentoxifylline Alone or in Combination with Gentamicin or Vancomycin Inhibits Live Microbe-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Human Cord Blood and Cord Blood Monocytes In VitroNeonatal sepsis and its accompanying inflammatory response contribute to substantial morbidity and mortality. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor which suppresses transcription and production of proinflammatory cytokines, is a candidate adjunctive therapy for newborn sepsis.
Analytical Procedures
Analytical ProceduresDried Blood Spot Technique-Based Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method as a Simple Alternative for Benznidazole Pharmacokinetic AssessmentChagas disease (CD) is recognized as one of the major neglected global tropical diseases. Benznidazole (BNZ) is the drug of choice for the treatment of adults, young infants, and newborns with CD.
Antiviral Agents
Antiviral AgentsIdentification of Retinoic Acid Receptor Agonists as Potent Hepatitis B Virus Inhibitors via a Drug Repurposing ScreenCurrently available therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can efficiently reduce viremia but induce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss in very few patients; also, these therapies do not greatly affect the viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). To discover new agents with complementary anti-HBV effects, we performed a drug repurposing screen of 1,018 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compounds...
Antiviral AgentsIdentification of Compounds Targeting Hepatitis B Virus Core Protein Dimerization through a Split Luciferase Complementation AssayThe capsid of the hepatitis B virus is an attractive antiviral target for developing therapies against chronic hepatitis B infection. Currently available core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) mainly affect one of the two major types of protein-protein interactions involved in the process of capsid assembly, namely, the interaction between the core dimers.
Epidemiology and Surveillance
Epidemiology and SurveillanceIn Vitro Activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Aztreonam-Avibactam against OXA-48-Carrying Enterobacteriaceae Isolated as Part of the International Network for Optimal Resistance Monitoring (INFORM) Global Surveillance Program from 2012 to 2015Enterobacteriaceae producing the Ambler class D OXA-48 carbapenemase, combined with additional resistance mechanisms, such as permeability defects or cocarriage of class A, B, or C β-lactamases, can become highly resistant to most β-lactams currently in use, including carbapenems. A total of 45,872 ...
Epidemiology and SurveillanceAssessment of Quality Indicators for Appropriate Antibiotic UseOne of the critical elements of antimicrobial stewardship programs is the ability to measure the quality of antibiotic prescriptions. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the performance properties of a set of previously developed quality indicators (QIs) and to identify the potential room for improvement in antibiotic use in our setting.
Epidemiology and SurveillanceEnterobacter cloacae Complex Sequence Type 171 Isolates Expressing KPC-4 Carbapenemase Recovered from Canine Patients in OhioCompanion animals are likely relevant in the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Enterobacter xiangfangensis sequence type 171 (ST171), a clone that has been implicated in clusters of infections in humans, was isolated from two dogs with clinical disease in Ohio.
Epidemiology and SurveillancePredicting the Outcomes of New Short-Course Regimens for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Using Intrahost and Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic ModelingShort-course regimens for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are urgently needed. Limited data suggest that the new drug bedaquiline (BDQ) may have the potential to shorten MDR-TB treatment to less than 6 months when used in conjunction with standard anti-TB drugs.
Epidemiology and SurveillanceComparative Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Colonization in an Acute-Care Hospital and Its Affiliated Intermediate- and Long-Term Care Facilities in SingaporeVancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are an important cause of nosocomial infections in acute-care hospitals (ACHs), intermediate-care facilities (ITCFs), and long-term care facilities (LTCFs). This study contemporaneously compared the epidemiology and risk factors for VRE colonization in different care settings in a health care network.
Epidemiology and SurveillanceGenomic Characterization of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae with Chromosomally Carried blaNDM-1We report here Klebsiella pneumoniae strains carrying chromosomal blaNDM-1 in Thailand. The genomes of these two isolates include a 160-kbp insertion containing blaNDM-1, which is almost identical to that in the IncHI1B-like plasmid.
Epidemiology and SurveillanceAntimicrobial Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Ceftazidime-Avibactam, Ceftolozane-Tazobactam, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, and Meropenem Stratified by U.S. Census Divisions: Results from the 2017 INFORM ProgramPseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (n = 1,909) were collected from 70 U.S. medical centers, and their susceptibilities were tested using the broth microdilution method.
Epidemiology and SurveillanceA Large, Refractory Nosocomial Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli Demonstrates Carbapenemase Gene Outbreaks Involving Sink Sites Require Novel Approaches to Infection ControlCarbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) represent a health threat, but effective control interventions remain unclear. Hospital wastewater sites are increasingly being highlighted as important potential reservoirs.
Epidemiology and SurveillanceDetection of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Positive Blood Culture Using an Immunochromatographic RESIST-4 O.K.N.V. AssayWe evaluated the performance of the RESIST-4 O.K.N.V. assay (Coris) with 98 isolates to detect OXA-48-like and KPC-, NDM-, and VIM-type carbapenemases directly on positive human blood cultures.
Experimental Therapeutics
Experimental TherapeuticsInvestigating Sulfoxide-to-Sulfone Conversion as a Prodrug Strategy for a Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Inhibitor in a Humanized Mouse Model of MalariaThe in vivo antimalarial efficacies of two phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K) inhibitors, a 3,5-diaryl-2-aminopyrazine sulfoxide and its corresponding sulfone metabolite, were evaluated in the NOD-scid IL2Rγnull (NSG) murine malaria disease model of Plasmodium falciparum infection. We hypothesized that the sulfoxide would serve as a more soluble...
Experimental TherapeuticsSelective Inhibition of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by a Dithiazoline in Mixed Infections with Lactobacillus gasseriThe Gram-negative human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae has progressively developed resistance to antibiotic monotherapies, and recent failures of dual-drug therapy have heightened concerns that strains resistant to all available antibiotics will begin circulating globally. Targeting bacterial cell wall assembly has historically been effective at treating infections...
Experimental TherapeuticsActivity of Moxifloxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Acid Phase and Nonreplicative-Persister Phenotype Phase in a Hollow-Fiber Infection ModelA major goal for improving tuberculosis therapy is to identify drug regimens with improved efficacy and shorter treatment durations. Shorter therapies improve patient adherence to the antibiotic regimens, which, in turn, decreases resistance emergence.
Experimental TherapeuticsPse-T2, an Antimicrobial Peptide with High-Level, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Potency and Skin Biocompatibility against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa InfectionPseudin-2, isolated from the frog Pseudis paradoxa, exhibits potent antibacterial activity but also cytotoxicity. In an effort to develop clinically applicable antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), we designed pseudin-2 analogs with Lys substitutions, resulting in elevated amphipathic α-helical structure and cationicity.
Experimental TherapeuticsEfficacious Analogs of the Lantibiotic Mutacin 1140 against a Systemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus InfectionMutacin 1140, a member of the epidermin family of type AI lantibiotics, has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It blocks cell wall synthesis by binding to lipid II.
Experimental TherapeuticsSynergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Colistin in Combination with Rifampin and Azithromycin against Escherichia coli Producing MCR-1The lack of available antibiotics is a global public health problem due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Effective therapeutic regimens are urgently needed against Escherichia coli strains that produce the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and to inhibit the emergence of resistance.
Experimental TherapeuticsThe Combination of Fosfomycin plus Meropenem Is Synergistic for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in a Hollow-Fiber Infection ModelTreating high-density bacterial infections is a challenging clinical problem. We have a paucity of new agents that can address this problem.
Experimental TherapeuticsSynthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling Studies of Chiral Chloroquine Analogues as Antimalarial AgentsIn a focused exploration, we designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated chiral conjugated new chloroquine (CQ) analogues with substituted piperazines as antimalarial agents. In vitro as well as in vivo studies revealed that compound 7c showed potent activity (in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration, 56.98 nM for strain 3D7 and 97.76 nM for strain K1; selectivity index in vivo [up to at a dose of...
Clinical Therapeutics
Clinical TherapeuticsTherapeutic Drug Monitoring of Voriconazole in Children from a Tertiary Care Center in ChinaVoriconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal and the first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis (IA). The aim of this research was to study the dose adjustments of voriconazole as well as the affecting factors influencing voriconazole trough concentrations in Asian children to optimize its daily administration.
Editor's Pick Clinical TherapeuticsDouble-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Dose-Finding Study To Evaluate High-Dose Rifampin for Tuberculous MeningitisHigh doses of rifampin may help patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) to survive. Pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic evaluations suggested that rifampin doses higher than 13 mg/kg given intravenously or 20 mg/kg given orally (as previously studied) are warranted to maximize treatment response.
Clinical TherapeuticsCorrelation of In Vitro Susceptibility Based on MICs and Squalene Epoxidase Mutations with Clinical Response to Terbinafine in Patients with Tinea Corporis/CrurisRecalcitrant dermatophytoses are on the rise in India. High MICs of terbinafine (TRB) and squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene mutations conferring resistance in Trichophyton spp.
Clinical TherapeuticsA Randomized Study of the Single-Dose Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Food Effect of Chinfloxacin and Its Effect on Thorough QT/QTc Interval in Healthy Chinese VolunteersChinfloxacin hydrochloride is a novel tricyclic fluorinated quinolone in development for treatment of conventional and biothreat infections. This first-in-human randomized study in Chinese healthy subjects was divided into 5 parts.
Clinical TherapeuticsPopulation Pharmacokinetic Model and Limited Sampling Strategies for Personalized Dosing of Levofloxacin in Tuberculosis PatientsLevofloxacin is an antituberculosis drug with substantial interindividual pharmacokinetic variability; therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could therefore be helpful to improve treatment results. TDM would be more feasible with limited sampling strategies (LSSs), a method to estimate the area under the concentration curve for the 24-h dosing interval (AUC0–24) by using a limited number of samples.
Clinical TherapeuticsA Phase 1 Study To Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Plazomicin in Adult Subjects with Varying Degrees of Renal FunctionPlazomicin is an FDA-approved aminoglycoside for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. In this open-label study, 24 adults with normal renal function or mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment (n = 6 per group) received a single 7.5-mg/kg of body weight dose of plazomicin as a 30-min intravenous infusion.
Clinical TherapeuticsElectrocardiographic Safety of Repeated Monthly Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine as a Candidate for Mass Drug AdministrationMass drug administration (MDA) of sequential rounds of antimalarial drugs is being considered for use as a tool for malaria elimination. As an effective and long-acting antimalarial, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PQP) appears to be suitable as a candidate for MDA.
Editor's Pick Clinical TherapeuticsCeftriaxone Absorption Enhancement for Noninvasive Administration as an Alternative to Injectable SolutionsNeonatal sepsis is a major cause of infant mortality in developing countries because of delayed injectable treatment, making it urgent to develop noninjectable formulations that can reduce treatment delays in resource-limited settings. Ceftriaxone, available only for injection, needs absorption enhancers to achieve adequate bioavailability via nonparenteral administration.
Clinical TherapeuticsMicrobiological Analysis from a Phase 2 Randomized Study in Adults Evaluating Single Oral Doses of Gepotidacin in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Urogenital Gonorrhea Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeaeWe evaluated microbiological correlates for the successful treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from a phase 2 study of gepotidacin, a novel triazaacenaphthylene antibacterial, for therapy of uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea. Culture, susceptibility testing, genotypic characterization, and frequency of resistance (FoR) were performed for selected isolates....
Clinical TherapeuticsIntrahepatic Administration of Liposomal Amphotericin B (Ambisome) for the Management of a Liver Abscess from Candida albicans in a Preterm InfantHepatic fungal abscesses are rare in the neonatal period and often constitute a severe complication of the catheterization of the umbilical vessels. Such life-threatening lesions are observed more frequently in preterm than in other newborn infants and the optimal treatment remains uncertain.
Clinical TherapeuticsPharmacokinetics of Intravenous Isavuconazole in Solid-Organ Transplant RecipientsIsavuconazole may be useful in treating and preventing fungal infections in solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients due to its safety profile and activity against Aspergillus and some Mucorales. Isavuconazole has favorable pharmacokinetics based on clinical trials in various patient populations, but data are limited in SOT recipients.
Pharmacology
PharmacologyBeyond Penicillin: Rapid Desensitization for Specific Flucloxacillin HypersensitivityBeta-lactam therapy for severe staphylococcal infections is associated with superior outcomes, compared to non-beta-lactam therapy. For patients with immediate hypersensitivity to beta-lactams, desensitization has been widely employed to allow beta-lactam therapy, but published protocols for antistaphylococcal beta-lactams such as flucloxacillin are lacking.
PharmacologyComparison of the Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Daptomycin in Combination with Rifampin in Healthy Adult VolunteersWe evaluated the effects of rifampin coadministration and MDR1 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the disposition of daptomycin in twelve healthy adults. There were no significant changes from baseline in the clearance (0.53 versus 0.55 liters/h, P = 1.00), volume of distribution (7.0 versus 7.2 liter, P = 0.62), or half-life (9.7 versus 9.6 h, P = 0.89) of daptomycin after exposure to rifampin.
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PharmacologyBreaking the Vicious Cycle of Antibiotic Killing and Regrowth of Biofilm-Residing Pseudomonas aeruginosaBiofilm-residing bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix are protected from diverse physicochemical insults. In addition to the general recalcitrance of biofilm bacteria, high bacterial loads in biofilm-associated infections significantly diminish the efficacy of antimicrobials due to a low per-cell antibiotic concentration.
PharmacologyTenofovir Exposure during Pregnancy and Postpartum in Women Receiving Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Hepatitis B VirusWe assessed tenofovir exposure during pregnancy and postpartum in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected HIV-uninfected women receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HBV. Data from 154 women who received TDF within a randomized controlled trial were included.
PharmacologyIn Vivo Efficacy of Ellagic Acid against Candida albicans in a Drosophila melanogaster Infection ModelThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity and the toxicity of ellagic acid (EA) using a Drosophila melanogaster model. Candida albicans bacteria were inoculated into Toll heterozygous flies.
PharmacologyEffects of Food and Omeprazole on a Novel Formulation of Super Bioavailability Itraconazole in Healthy SubjectsTo address the limited bioavailability and intolerance of the conventional itraconazole (ITZ) formulations, a new formulation labeled super bioavailability (SUBA) itraconazole has been developed; however, the specific effects of food and gastric pH are unknown. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic profile of SUBA itraconazole under fasting...
Letters to the Editor
Letter to the EditorAquaculture, Exaptation, and the Origin of mcr-Positive Colistin Resistance
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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy® (AAC) features interdisciplinary studies that build our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic applications of antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents and chemotherapy.
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Dr. Louis B. Rice, Editor in Chief