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Susceptibility

Comparative In Vitro Activities of GAR-936 against Aerobic and Anaerobic Animal and Human Bite Wound Pathogens

Ellie J. C. Goldstein, Diane M. Citron, C. Vreni Merriam, Yumi Warren, Kerin Tyrrell
Ellie J. C. Goldstein
R. M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, and
UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90073
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Diane M. Citron
R. M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, and
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C. Vreni Merriam
R. M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, and
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Yumi Warren
R. M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, and
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Kerin Tyrrell
R. M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, and
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DOI: 10.1128/AAC.44.10.2747-2751.2000
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Tables

  • Table 1.

    Comparative in vitro activity of GAR-936 and other tetracycline derivatives, selected macrolides, fluoroquinolones, penicillin, and vancomycin against 416 aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens

    Organism (no. of isolates)AgentMIC (μg/ml)a
    Range50%90%
    Ef-4b (17)GAR-9360.06–0.1250.060.125
    Minocycline0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Doxycycline0.125–0.1250.1250.125
    Tetracycline0.06–0.250.1250.125
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.06≤0.0150.03
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.06≤0.0150.06
    Penicillin-G0.03–0.50.250.5
    Vancomycin4–>8>8>8
    Azithromycin0.03–0.1250.060.125
    Erythromycin0.125–10.250.5
    E. corrodens (18)GAR-9360.25–40.54
    Minocycline0.125–10.251
    Doxycycline0.25–20.52
    Tetracycline0.25–20.52
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.0150.03
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.1250.030.125
    Penicillin-G0.125–212
    Vancomycin8–>8>8>8
    Azithromycin0.5–828
    Erythromycin2–848
    Moraxella spp.b(13)GAR-9360.06–0.250.1250.25
    Minocycline0.03–0.50.1250.25
    Doxycycline0.06–10.51
    Tetracycline0.125–0.50.250.5
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.06≤0.0150.06
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.06≤0.0150.06
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–0.50.060.25
    Vancomycin8–>8>8>8
    Azithromycin0.03–0.50.060.125
    Erythromycin0.25–10.51
    Neisseria weaverii(11)GAR-9360.03–0.1250.060.125
    Minocycline0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Doxycycline0.125–0.1250.1250.125
    Tetracycline0.06–0.250.1250.25
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.015≤0.015
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.015≤0.015
    Penicillin-G0.06–0.250.1250.25
    Vancomycin4>88>8
    Azithromycin0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Erythromycin0.125–0.50.50.5
    P. canis(11)GAR-9360.06–0.060.060.06
    Minocycline0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Doxycycline0.125–0.250.1250.25
    Tetracycline0.125–0.250.1250.25
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.0150.03
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.0150.03
    Penicillin-G0.03–0.1250.1250.125
    Azithromycin0.25–0.50.50.5
    Erythromycin1–222
    P. dagmatis (10)GAR-9360.03–0.060.060.06
    Minocycline0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Doxycycline0.125–0.250.250.25
    Tetracycline0.125–0.50.250.25
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.015≤0.015
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.06≤0.0150.03
    Penicillin-G0.03–0.1250.060.125
    Azithromycin0.06–0.50.250.5
    Erythromycin0.25–212
    P. multocida subsp. multocida (15)GAR-9360.06–0.060.060.06
    Minocycline0.03–0.1250.060.125
    Doxycycline0.125–0.250.250.25
    Tetracycline0.125–0.250.250.25
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.0150.03
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.06≤0.0150.06
    Penicillin-G0.06–0.250.1250.25
    Azithromycin0.06–10.50.5
    Erythromycin0.25–222
    P. multocida subsp. septica(15)GAR-9360.06–0.060.060.06
    Minocycline0.06–0.1250.060.125
    Doxycycline0.125–0.250.1250.125
    Tetracycline0.125–0.250.250.25
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.015≤0.015
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.0150.03
    Penicillin-G0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Azithromycin0.5–0.50.50.5
    Erythromycin1–222
    P. stomatis (11)GAR-9360.03–0.1250.060.125
    Minocycline0.03–0.1250.060.125
    Doxycycline0.125–0.250.250.25
    Tetracycline0.125–0.50.250.5
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–≤0.015≤0.015≤0.015
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–≤0.015≤0.015≤0.015
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–0.060.060.125
    Azithromycin0.125–0.50.250.5
    Erythromycin0.5–20.52
    Bergeyella zoohelcum(10)GAR-9360.06–0.250.250.25
    Minocycline≤0.015–0.1250.1250.125
    Doxycycline≤0.015–0.50.1250.25
    Tetracycline0.25–10.51
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.1250.060.06
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.03≤0.015≤0.015
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–20.060.25
    Vancomycin2–>848
    Azithromycin0.25–20.51
    Erythromycin0.06–10.250.5
    Miscellaneous gram-negative bacteriac(13)GAR-936≤0.015–0.250.060.25
    Minocycline≤0.015–0.250.060.125
    Doxycycline≤0.015–0.50.1250.5
    Tetracycline0.03–0.250.1250.25
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–0.25≤0.0150.125
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–.125≤0.0150.06
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–40.060.25
    Vancomycin≤0.015–>8>8>8
    Azithromycin≤0.015–10.251
    Erythromycin≤0.015–80.068
    Corynebacterium aquaticum(11)GAR-936≤0.015–0.060.060.06
    Minocycline0.03–0.1250.030.06
    Doxycycline0.125–0.250.1250.125
    Tetracycline0.125–444
    Levofloxacin0.5–111
    Moxifloxacin0.06–0.50.250.25
    Penicillin-G0.125–111
    Vancomycin0.125–222
    Azithromycin0.125–0.250.1250.125
    Erythromycin0.03–0.1250.030.06
    Corynebacteriumspp.d(21)GAR-936≤0.015–0.250.060.125
    Minocycline≤0.015–20.060.125
    Doxycycline≤0.015–40.1250.25
    Tetracycline0.03–160.1251
    Levofloxacin0.03–80.1251
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–10.061
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–20.061
    Vancomycin0.25–80.250.5
    Azithromycin≤0.015–20.060.5
    Erythromycin≤0.015–0.250.030.125
    Gram-positive non-spore-forming rodse(8)GAR-936≤0.015–0.50.25N/A
    Minocycline≤0.015–0.1250.06N/A
    Doxycycline0.03–0.250.125N/A
    Tetracycline0.03–40.125N/A
    Levofloxacin≤0.015–10.25N/A
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.50.125N/A
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–1≤0.015N/A
    Vancomycin≤0.015–>80.25N/A
    Azithromycin≤0.015–40.125N/A
    Erythromycin≤0.015–10.06N/A
    Enterococcus spp.f(18)GAR-9360.03–0.250.060.125
    Minocycline≤0.015–160.0616
    Doxycycline0.06–320.2516
    Tetracycline0.125–>320.5>32
    Levofloxacin0.25–111
    Moxifloxacin0.06–0.50.250.25
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–20.252
    Vancomycin0.125–20.52
    Azithromycin0.06–>320.25>32
    Erythromycin≤0.015–>1280.06>128
    S. aureus(15)GAR-9360.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Minocycline0.03–0.060.060.06
    Doxycycline0.06–0.060.060.06
    Tetracycline0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Levofloxacin0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.060.030.03
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–80.58
    Vancomycin0.5–0.50.50.5
    Azithromycin0.25–10.51
    Erythromycin0.125–10.250.25
    Staphylococcus coagulase negativeg(18)GAR-9360.06–20.060.25
    Minocycline0.03–10.061
    Doxycycline0.03–160.064
    Tetracycline0.06–>320.12516
    Levofloxacin0.03–0.50.1250.25
    Moxifloxacin0.03–0.250.060.06
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–20.062
    Vancomycin0.125–10.51
    Azithromycin0.5–>320.25>32
    Erythromycin0.125–>1280.125>128
    Streptococcus mitis(10)GAR-936≤0.015–0.060.030.03
    Minocycline0.03–20.061
    Doxycycline0.06–20.1252
    Tetracycline0.06–80.254
    Levofloxacin0.5–111
    Moxifloxacin0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–0.250.060.25
    Vancomycin0.25–0.50.250.5
    Azithromycin0.06–0.250.1250.25
    Erythromycin0.03–0.060.060.06
    Streptococcus spp.h(23)GAR-936≤0.015–0.1250.060.06
    Minocycline0.03–160.060.125
    Doxycycline0.03–160.060.25
    Tetracycline0.06–320.51
    Levofloxacin0.5–20.51
    Moxifloxacin0.06–0.50.1250.5
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–0.1250.060.125
    Vancomycin0.125–0.50.250.5
    Azithromycin≤0.015–0.50.1250.5
    Erythromycin0.125–0.1250.030.125
    B. tectum(11)GAR-9360.06–0.50.1250.125
    Minocycline0.03–40.060.06
    Doxycycline0.06–40.060.125
    Tetracycline0.125–160.250.25
    Levofloxacin0.125–10.250.25
    Moxifloxacin0.03–0.250.060.25
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–160.030.06
    Vancomycin>8>8>8
    Azithromycin0.5–212
    Erythromycin0.125–40.50.5
    F. nucleatum (14)GAR-936≤0.015–0.250.060.06
    Minocycline0.06–0.250.060.25
    Doxycycline0.03–0.50.1250.5
    Tetracycline0.25–10.51
    Levofloxacin1–>8>8>8
    Moxifloxacin0.25–>8>8>8
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–0.03≤0.0150.03
    Vancomycin>8>8>8
    Azithromycin0.5–424
    Erythromycin8–643264
    Fusobacterium spp.i(16)GAR-936≤0.015–0.060.030.06
    Minocycline≤0.015–0.1250.060.06
    Doxycycline≤0.015–0.1250.060.125
    Tetracycline≤0.015–10.250.25
    Levofloxacin0.25–>8>8>8
    Moxifloxacin0.06–848
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–0.50.030.03
    Vancomycin1–>8>8>8
    Azithromycin≤0.015–0.50.250.25
    Erythromycin0.125–444
    P. heparinolytica (12)GAR-9360.06–0.250.060.25
    Minocycline0.03–80.068
    Doxycycline0.06–40.064
    Tetracycline0.25–160.2516
    Levofloxacin0.5–10.50.5
    Moxifloxacin0.125–0.250.250.25
    Penicillin-G0.125–0.1250.1250.125
    Vancomycin>8>8>8
    Azithromycin0.5–111
    Erythromycin0.25–0.50.250.5
    Prevotella spp.j(19)GAR-9360.06–0.250.1250.25
    Minocycline0.03–80.068
    Doxycycline0.06–80.1258
    Tetracycline0.125–160.2516
    Levofloxacin0.125–0.50.250.5
    Moxifloxacin0.06–0.50.1250.5
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–320.0616
    Vancomycin>8>8>8
    Azithromycin0.25–20.52
    Erythromycin0.125–10.51
    P. macaccae (11)GAR-9360.03–0.1250.030.06
    Minocycline0.03–80.060.125
    Doxycycline0.06–80.1250.125
    Tetracycline0.125–80.250.25
    Levofloxacin0.06–0.250.250.25
    Moxifloxacin0.03–0.1250.060.125
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–0.50.50.5
    Vancomycin2–>88>8
    Azithromycin0.25–10.50.5
    Erythromycin0.125–0.250.1250.25
    P. gingivalis(11)GAR-936≤0.015–0.060.030.06
    Minocycline0.03–0.060.060.06
    Doxycycline0.06–0.1250.060.125
    Tetracycline0.125–0.250.250.25
    Levofloxacin0.125–10.1250.25
    Moxifloxacin≤0.015–0.250.060.06
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–≤0.015≤0.015≤0.015
    Vancomycin1–444
    Azithromycin0.125–10.250.5
    Erythromycin0.06–0.1250.1250.125
    Porphyromonas spp.k(19)GAR-936≤0.015–0.1250.060.06
    Minocycline0.03–40.060.06
    Doxycycline0.06–40.060.125
    Tetracycline0.125–80.250.5
    Levofloxacin0.125–212
    Moxifloxacin0.06–0.250.1250.25
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–4≤0.0150.5
    Vancomycin2–>848
    Azithromycin0.125–0.50.250.5
    Erythromycin0.03–0.250.1250.25
    Peptostreptococcusspp.l(21)GAR-936≤0.015–0.50.060.125
    Minocycline0.03–80.1258
    Doxycycline0.06–160.1254
    Tetracycline0.125–320.516
    Levofloxacin0.125–>80.52
    Moxifloxacin0.06–0.50.250.5
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–10.1250.25
    Vancomycin0.125–0.50.250.5
    Azithromycin0.25–>320.5>32
    Erythromycin0.06–>1280.25>128
    Gram-positive non-spore-forming rodsm(20)GAR-9360.06–.50.060.5
    Minocycline0.06–10.1250.25
    Doxycycline0.06–10.250.5
    Tetracycline0.5–412
    Levofloxacin0.125–10.250.5
    Moxifloxacin0.06–10.250.5
    Penicillin-G≤0.015–0.50.030.25
    Vancomycin0.25–10.51
    Azithromycin0.03–>320.060.25
    Erythromycin0.03–>1280.060.25
    • ↵a 50% and 90%, MICs at which 50 and 90% of isolates tested, respectively, are inhibited; NA, not applicable.

    • ↵b M. atlantae (1), M. catarrhalis(5), M. lacunata (1), M. nonliquefaciens (2),M. osloensis (1), and Moraxella spp., no good fit (3).

    • ↵c Bordetella bronchiseptica (2);Capnocytophaga sp. (1); CDC NO-1 (2); Haemophilus aphrophilus (1), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1);Neisseria cinera or N. flavescens (1),Neisseria elongata (1), Neisseria species (2);Riemerella anatipestifer (2).

    • ↵d C. accolens (1); C. argentoratense(1); Corynebacterium Grp. F1(1), Grp. G (1), and Grp. G2 (1); C. jeikeium (1); C. minutissimum (8);C. propinquum (1); C. ulcerans (1);Corynebacterium spp., no good fit (5).

    • ↵e Brevibacterium spp. (4); Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (2), and Rothia dentocariosa (2).

    • ↵f E. avium (2), E. durans (6),E. faecalis (7), E. malodoratus (2),Enterococcus sp. (1).

    • ↵g S. capitus (1), S. cohnii (2),S. epidermidis (4), S. hominis (1), S. hyicus (1), S. intermedius (4), S. sciuri orS. lentus (2), S. warnerii (2), and S. xylosus (1).

    • ↵h S. constellatus (2), S. dysgalactiae (1), S. intermedius (3), S. mutans (11), S. pyogenes (3), S. sanguis II(2), alpha Streptococcus sp., no good fit (1).

    • ↵i F. necrophorum (1) and F. russii(9).

    • ↵j P. bivia (3), P. buccae (2),P. denticola (1), P. enoeca (1), P. intermedia (1), P. intermedia or P. nigrescens (1), P. loeschii (1), P. melaninogenica (2), P. zoogleoformans (2), andPrevotella spp., no good fit (5).

    • ↵k P. cangingivalis (4), P. canoris(7), P. cansulci (3), P. circumdentaria (2),P. circumdentaria or P. cansulci (2), andP. levii (1).

    • ↵l P. anaerobius (7), P. asaccharolyticus (2), P. ivorii (1), P. magnus (3), P. micros (3), P. prevotii (3),P. tetradius (1), and Peptostreptococcus sp., no good fit (1).

    • ↵m Actinomyces israelii (1), A. naeslundii (1), A. neuii (1), A. pyogenes(1), A. viscosus (2); Eubacterium spp. (3);Propionibacterium acnes (8), P. avidum (1),P. freudenreichii (1), and P. lympholyticum (1).

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Comparative In Vitro Activities of GAR-936 against Aerobic and Anaerobic Animal and Human Bite Wound Pathogens
Ellie J. C. Goldstein, Diane M. Citron, C. Vreni Merriam, Yumi Warren, Kerin Tyrrell
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Oct 2000, 44 (10) 2747-2751; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.44.10.2747-2751.2000

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Comparative In Vitro Activities of GAR-936 against Aerobic and Anaerobic Animal and Human Bite Wound Pathogens
Ellie J. C. Goldstein, Diane M. Citron, C. Vreni Merriam, Yumi Warren, Kerin Tyrrell
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Oct 2000, 44 (10) 2747-2751; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.44.10.2747-2751.2000
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    • ABSTRACT
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KEYWORDS

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Bacteria, Aerobic
Bacteria, Anaerobic
Bites and Stings
minocycline

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Print ISSN: 0066-4804; Online ISSN: 1098-6596