Skip to main content
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems
  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About AAC
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • AAC Podcast
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems

User menu

  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
publisher-logosite-logo

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About AAC
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • AAC Podcast
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
Mechanisms of Resistance

Selection of Naturally Occurring Extended-Spectrum TEM β-Lactamase Variants by Fluctuating β-Lactam Pressure

Jesús Blazquez, María-Isabel Morosini, María-Cristina Negri, Fernando Baquero
Jesús Blazquez
Servicio de Microbiologı́a, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28034, Spain
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
María-Isabel Morosini
Servicio de Microbiologı́a, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28034, Spain
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
María-Cristina Negri
Servicio de Microbiologı́a, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28034, Spain
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Fernando Baquero
Servicio de Microbiologı́a, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid 28034, Spain
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.44.8.2182-2184.2000
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

ABSTRACT

Despite the large number of in vitro mutations that increase resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins in TEM-type β-lactamases, only a small number occur in naturally occurring enzymes. In nature, and particularly in the hospital, bacteria that contain β-lactamases encounter simultaneous or consecutive selective pressure with different β-lactam molecules. All variants obtained by submitting an Escherichia coli strain that contains ablaTEM-1 gene to fluctuating challenge with both ceftazidime and amoxicillin contained only mutations previously detected in naturally occurring β-lactamases. Nevertheless, some variants obtained by ceftazidime challenge alone contained mutations never detected in naturally occurring TEM β-lactamases, suggesting that extended-spectrum TEM variants in hospital isolates result from fluctuating selective pressure with several β-lactams rather than selection with a single antibiotic.

TEM-type β-lactamases are the main mechanism of β-lactam resistance in enteric gram-negative microorganisms. The evolution and spread of β-lactamases in these bacteria seem to be the consequence of the evolution and consumption of β-lactam antibiotics (14). Because the use of the new β-lactam agents was not followed by a substantial drop in the use of the old ones, the result was a net diversification of the selective network. This situation created a complicated adaptive problem for enteric bacteria. In fact, a very efficient mutation of a β-lactamase that leads to an improved rate of hydrolysis of a new type of β-lactam may result in a lack of efficient hydrolysis of older (but always present) antibiotic substrates (4).

By using directed mutagenesis procedures, several groups of investigators have produced a large number of artificial amino acid changes that are able to extend the substrate spectrum of TEM-1 β-lactamases (7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22). Interestingly, only some of them were found in naturally occurring extended-spectrum TEM β-lactamases (5, 6). The reason for such discrepancy may be that only those mutations or combinations of mutations able to adapt to highly fluctuating environments, such as those produced as a result of hospital-based chemotherapy, can be selected and fixed in naturally occurring bacterial populations. If this were the case, β-lactamase variants selected in vitro by use of a single β-lactam drug must be different from those selected by alternate use of two different β-lactam antibiotics such as an extended-spectrum cephalosporin and a penicillin. To explore this possibility, 18 flasks with 5 ml of Mueller-Hinton medium plus 0.06 μg of ceftazidime per ml were inoculated with 50 μl of an overnight culture of Escherichia coli K-12 strain RYC1000 (araD139 ΔlacU169 rpsL Δrib7 thiA gyrA recA56) that contained plasmid pBGTEM-1 (3). The flasks were incubated overnight at 37°C. Two series of nine flasks each were made: the first was submitted to successive daily serial passages in medium with increasing doubling concentrations of ceftazidime until growth was obtained at 32 μg/ml. The challenge with ceftazidime-amoxicillin in the second series was identical to that with ceftazidime alone, except that between each ceftazidime passage an overnight challenge in medium with a fixed concentration (16 μg/ml) of amoxicillin was performed. Plasmid DNA was extracted from each of the 18 bacterial populations that grew in the last flask (32 μg of ceftazidime per ml) for each evolution experiment. DNA was introduced by transformation into new RYC1000 competent cells (20). Transformants were selected on agar plates that contained kanamycin (40 μg/ml). Selection with β-lactam antibiotics was avoided in order to overcome the possible selection of new mutations. Ten transformants from each flask were purified, and their resistances to ceftazidime and amoxicillin were tested by streaking them, in parallel with the nonchallenged control, against ceftazidime and amoxicillin disks located on the center of a petri dish. Those clones that grew closer to the ceftazidime disk than the control were selected for further study. Clones that showed similar ceftazidime resistance phenotypes but that showed differences in their resistance to amoxicillin were considered different and were selected.

Only one ceftazidime-resistant phenotype per flask was detected among the 10 transformants analyzed from each of the nine flasks submitted to fluctuating selection. From the nine flasks submitted to continuous selection with ceftazidime alone, two flasks (flasks 1 and 3) harbored isolates with two different resistance phenotypes. The 20 resistant variants (9 from the fluctuating selection experiment and 11 from the continuous selection one) were purified and submitted to phenotypic (MIC) (15) and genotypic characterization. The ceftazidime MIC increased for all 20 clones (Table1). Plasmid DNA extracted from each 1 of the 20 selected mutant clones was purified, and the nucleotide sequences of the whole blaTEM genes were obtained (21). SeveralblaTEM-specific primers were used to sequence the whole blaTEM gene, including the promoter region. Table 1 shows the nucleotide changes and the corresponding deduced amino acid changes found in each of the mutant genes. With continuous antibiotic challenge (ceftazidime), five different types of variants were obtained: L169R, D179Y, D179G, R164S, and R164H (for two, one, one, six, and one isolates, respectively). Three of these changes (L169R, D179Y, and D179G) have never been detected among naturally occurring TEM enzymes from bacteria isolated in the hospital environment. Only two different mutations were obtained with fluctuating β-lactam selection pressure: R164S and R164H (for five and four isolates, respectively). These two mutations have previously been detected in TEM β-lactamases from naturally occurring strains.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 1.

Nucleotide changes, corresponding deduced amino acid changes, number of isolates selected under continuous or fluctuating challenge conditions, and MICs of ceftazidime and amoxicillin forE. coli K-12 strain RYC1000 harboring plasmid pBGS19 containing blaTEM genes (wild-type and mutant derivatives)

The results presented above led us to suspect that the three changes not previously found in naturally occurring enzymes confer a phenotype deleterious for amoxicillin-hydrolyzing activity. Table 1 shows that, as expected, the three variants (L169R, D179Y, and D179G) showed decreased resistance to amoxicillin (lower MIC) with respect to the resistance for the strains that express TEM-1, R164S, or R164H. Nevertheless, the amoxicillin MIC was greater than 16 μg/ml (the concentration of amoxicillin used in the fluctuating selection experiments) for the D179Y and D179G variants. Thus, this amoxicillin concentration should apparently not be able to eliminate these two variants. This apparent paradox can be explained by the fact that our experiments were done in liquid medium, in which all possible beneficial variants must compete with one another. Thus, by this phenomenon of clonal interference, only the fittest variant is fixed in a population.

To date, about 45 naturally occurring extended-spectrum TEM variants have been described. All of these variants are the result of substitutions in 1 of 16 determined positions or combinations of positions for some of them. These amino acids (present in the mature protein), numbered as described by Ambler (1), and those that replace them are Q39K, A42V, L51P, G92D, E104K, S130G, H153R, R164S or R164H, M182T, G218E, A237T or A237G, G238S, E240K, T265M, and S268G (as determined from the Lahey website [http://www.lahey.org/studies/temtable.htm]). The changes at positions 39, 104, 164, 238, 240, and 265 occur in 40, 47, 47, 33, 24, and 20% of the extended-spectrum enzymes, respectively, as calculated from data from the Lahey website updated on 1 September 1999. All the extended-spectrum β-lactamases contain at least one of these changes. The high prevalence of these mutations suggests a direct role in the enlargement of the spectrum of activity. The other 10 changes are much less represented among the enzymes, and they may act as compensating or modulating mutations (4, 10, 11) or may have been fixed by random genetic drift.

Despite the limited number of strains examined, the simple experimental approach used in this work may help provide an understanding of the evolution of a single gene in natural fluctuating environments. The resulting evolution of variant enzymes so that they can perform novel catalytic functions may be described in terms of changes in a protein's space (12, 13). These changes have been described on some occasions as “protein differentiation” (9). Indeed, the capability of each enzyme to catalyze specific reactions under continuous or fluctuating selection conditions can be defined as the fitness of that protein under such environmental scenarios. The concept of evolution in a catalytic task space (12) may be applied here, as in our fluctuating selection environment the enzyme should deal with more than one β-lactam substrate, thus forcing protein evolution to carry out new but related reactions. Our experimental fluctuating selection conditions do not cover all possible selective β-lactam combinations that can be expected in the natural hospital environment. Nevertheless, the type of variants obtained by our selective procedure corresponds in an adequate way to the repertoire of enzymes prevalent in the clinical setting. We cannot exclude the possibility that in nature a certain number of nonprevalent enzyme variants with lower levels of catalytic fitness may be present in particular locations and may be protected by a structured environment (where competence is diminished) or by compensatory or modulating mutations (4, 10, 11). It may be possible that most of the β-lactamase mutations previously considered neutral or nearly neutral are, in fact, “active” changes able to modulate the enzymatic activity against different substrates or to compensate for some enzymatic deficiencies. Some examples have been described. The Q39K change was previously referred to as not completely neutral (3), and furthermore, molecular modeling provided a possible structural basis for such behavior (8). Also, the theoretically neutral M182T change found in the inhibitor-resistant TEM IRT-3 (2) and in some extended-spectrum TEM β-lactamases was shown to be a compensatory mutation (10, 11). Finally, the A237T mutation seems to equilibrate the substrate preference of the enzyme (4).

The results presented here strongly suggest that naturally occurring extended-spectrum TEM variants are the result of fluctuating selection pressure with several β-lactams more than they are the result of selection with an individual type of antibiotic.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank L. de Rafael for correction of the English.

This work was supported in part by a grant from Eli Lilly (Spain). Standard antibiotic powders were kindly provided by SmithKline Beecham Laboratories (amoxicillin) and Glaxo-Wellcome Laboratories (ceftazidime).

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 22 October 1999.
    • Returned for modification 27 February 2000.
    • Accepted 21 April 2000.
  • Copyright © 2000 American Society for Microbiology

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    1. Ambler R. P.,
    2. Coulson F. W.,
    3. Frere J. M.,
    4. Ghuysen J. M.,
    5. Joris B.,
    6. Forsman M.,
    7. Levesque R. C.,
    8. Tiraby G.,
    9. Waley S. G.
    A standard numbering scheme for class A β-lactamases. Biochem. J. 276 1991 269 272
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  2. 2.↵
    1. Blázquez J.,
    2. Baquero M. R.,
    3. Cantón R.,
    4. Alós I.,
    5. Baquero F.
    Characterization of a new TEM-type β-lactamase resistant to clavulanate, sulbactam, and tazobactam in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37 1993 2059 2063
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. 3.↵
    1. Blázquez J.,
    2. Morosini M. I.,
    3. Negri M. C.,
    4. González-Leiza M.,
    5. Baquero F.
    Single amino acid replacements in positions altered in naturally occurring extended-spectrum TEM β-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39 1995 145 149
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. 4.↵
    1. Blázquez J.,
    2. Negri M. C.,
    3. Morosini M. I.,
    4. Gómez-Gómez J. M.,
    5. Baquero F.
    A237T as a modulating mutation in naturally occurring extended-spectrum TEM-type β-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42 1998 1042 1044
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  5. 5.↵
    1. Bush K.
    Classification of β-lactamases: groups 1, 2a, 2b, and 2b′. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 33 1989 264 270
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  6. 6.↵
    1. Bush K.,
    2. Jacoby G. A.,
    3. Medeiros A. A.
    A functional clasification scheme for β-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39 1995 1211 1233
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  7. 7.↵
    1. Cantu C.,
    2. Huang W.,
    3. Palzkill T.
    Selection and characterization of amino acid substitutions at residues 237-240 of TEM-1 β-lactamase with altered substrate specificity for aztreonam and ceftazidime. J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 22538 22545
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. 8.↵
    1. Chaibi E. B.,
    2. Farzaneh S.,
    3. Peduzzi J.,
    4. Barthelemy M.,
    5. Labia R.
    An additional ionic bond suggested by molecular modelling of TEM-2 might induce a slight discrepancy between catalytic properties of TEM-1 and TEM-2 beta-lactamases. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 143 1996 121 125
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  9. 9.↵
    1. Dickerson R. E.
    Energy and evolution in the folding of proteins. Molecular evolution and polymorphism. Kimura M. 1977 National Institute of Genetics Mishima, Japan
  10. 10.↵
    1. Farzaneh S.,
    2. Chaibi E. B.,
    3. Peduzzi J.,
    4. Barthelemy M.,
    5. Labia R.,
    6. Blázquez J.,
    7. Baquero F.
    Implication of Ile-69 and Thr-182 residues in kinetic characteristics of IRT-3 (TEM-32) β-lactamase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40 1996 2434 2436
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. 11.↵
    1. Huang W.,
    2. Palzkill T.
    A natural polymorphism in β-lactamase is a global suppressor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 8801 8806
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  12. 12.↵
    1. Kauffmann S. A.
    The structure of adaptive landscapes underlying protein evolution The origins of order. 1993 121 172 Oxford University Press Oxford, United Kingdom
  13. 13.↵
    1. Mainard-Smith J.
    Natural selection and the concept of protein space. Nature 225 1970 573
    OpenUrlPubMed
  14. 14.↵
    1. Medeiros A. A.
    Evolution and dissemination of β-lactamases accelerated by generations of β-lactam antibiotic. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24 1997 S19 S45
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. 15.↵
    National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard M7-A3. 1993 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Wayne, Pa
  16. 16.↵
    1. Oliphant A. R.,
    2. Struhl K.
    An efficient method for generating proteins with altered enzymatic properties: application to β-lactamase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 1989 9094 9098
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  17. 17.↵
    1. Palzkill T.,
    2. Botstein D.
    Identification of amino acid substitutions that alter the substrate specificity of TEM-1 β-lactamase. J. Bacteriol. 174 1992 5237 5243
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    1. Palzkill T.,
    2. Le Q.,
    3. Venkatachalam K. V.,
    4. LaRocco M.,
    5. Ocera H.
    Evolution of antibiotic resistance: several different amino acid substitutions in an active site loop alter the substrate profile of β-lactamase. Mol. Microbiol. 12 1994 217 229
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. 19.↵
    1. Petrosino J. F.,
    2. Palzkill T.
    Systematic mutagenesis of the active site omega loop of TEM-1 β-lactamase. J. Bacteriol. 178 1996 1821 1828
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  20. 20.↵
    1. Sambrook J.,
    2. Fritsch E. F.,
    3. Maniatis T.
    Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual 2nd ed. 1989 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y
  21. 21.↵
    1. Sanger F.,
    2. Nicklen S.,
    3. Coulson A. R.
    DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 1977 5463 5467
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. 22.↵
    1. Venkatachalam K. V.,
    2. Huang W.,
    3. LaRocco M.,
    4. Palzkill T.
    Characterization of TEM-1 β-lactamase mutants from positions 238 to 241 with increased catalytic efficiency for ceftazidime. J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 23444 23450
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
View Abstract
PreviousNext
Back to top
Download PDF
Citation Tools
Selection of Naturally Occurring Extended-Spectrum TEM β-Lactamase Variants by Fluctuating β-Lactam Pressure
Jesús Blazquez, María-Isabel Morosini, María-Cristina Negri, Fernando Baquero
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Aug 2000, 44 (8) 2182-2184; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.44.8.2182-2184.2000

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Print

Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email

Thank you for sharing this Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy article.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Selection of Naturally Occurring Extended-Spectrum TEM β-Lactamase Variants by Fluctuating β-Lactam Pressure
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
(Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Share
Selection of Naturally Occurring Extended-Spectrum TEM β-Lactamase Variants by Fluctuating β-Lactam Pressure
Jesús Blazquez, María-Isabel Morosini, María-Cristina Negri, Fernando Baquero
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Aug 2000, 44 (8) 2182-2184; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.44.8.2182-2184.2000
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Top
  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

KEYWORDS

Anti-Bacterial Agents
Escherichia coli
beta-lactam resistance
beta-lactamases

Related Articles

Cited By...

About

  • About AAC
  • Editor in Chief
  • Editorial Board
  • Policies
  • For Reviewers
  • For the Media
  • For Librarians
  • For Advertisers
  • Alerts
  • AAC Podcast
  • RSS
  • FAQ
  • Permissions
  • Journal Announcements

Authors

  • ASM Author Center
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Article Types
  • Ethics
  • Contact Us

Follow #AACJournal

@ASMicrobiology

       

ASM Journals

ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology.

About ASM | Contact Us | Press Room

 

ASM is a member of

Scientific Society Publisher Alliance

 

American Society for Microbiology
1752 N St. NW
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 737-3600

Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology | Privacy Policy | Website feedback

Print ISSN: 0066-4804; Online ISSN: 1098-6596