Skip to main content
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems
  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About AAC
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • AAC Podcast
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems

User menu

  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
publisher-logosite-logo

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About AAC
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • AAC Podcast
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
Mechanisms of Resistance

Evolutionary Models of the Emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

D. Ashley Robinson, Mark C. Enright
D. Ashley Robinson
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Mark C. Enright
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: m.c.enright@bath.ac.uk
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.47.12.3926-3934.2003
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Tables
  • FIG. 1.
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG. 1.

    Phylogenetic trees of STs based on sas and housekeeping genes. The trees were constructed with the NJ algorithm and were based on the absolute number of nucleotide differences between STs. The scale shows the relative amount of change along branches. The trees were also constructed by MP analyses. The numbers on the branches refer to the NJ or MP bootstrap percentages. The two isolates of ST36 and ST235 that grouped anomalously on the trees are in italics. The five major CCs are circled.

    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    • Open in new tab
    • Download powerpoint
    FIG. 2.

    Proposed evolutionary models for the emergence of MRSA in CC5 and CC8 (left panel) and CC22, CC30, and CC45 (right panel). The models were based on MP analyses of the combined sas and housekeeping genes. The SCCmec type and the spa type were added to the models by assuming the fewest additional changes to the trees. Only those branches on which MRSA isolates have emerged are shown. Large circles represent ancestral clones. Smaller circles represent descendant clones. Arrows indicate the directions and relative amounts of change between isolates. Names and countries of isolation are given for all clones. The numbers in parentheses after the country names represent the numbers of clones. Full genotypes are given for the ancestors with their housekeeping gene alleles at arcC-aroE-glpF-gmk-pta-tpi-yqiL (top line), sas gene alleles at sasA-sasB-sasD-sasE-sasF-sasH-sasI (middle line), and spa repeats (bottom line). Previously named clones are indicated in black boxes. Dotted lines represent alternative evolutionary hypotheses. Isolates from the 1950s and 1960s are indicated by asterisks next to the country of isolation; all other isolates are from the 1980s and 1990s. The country abbreviations are as follows: Aus, Australia; Bel, Belgium; Cub, Cuba; Den, Denmark; Fin, Finland; Fra, France; Ger, Germany; Ire, Ireland; Jap, Japan; Net, Netherlands; Pol, Poland; Por, Portugal; Slo, Slovenia; Swe, Sweden; UK, United Kingdom; USA, United States.

Tables

  • Figures
  • TABLE 1.

    PCR primers

    Primer pairSequence (5′-3′)
    Primary sas-specific primers
        sasAFTCAACATCCTCAAAGAATACTACA
        sasARATGCGTTACTTAAGCCACCAATAC
        sasBFGTTGCAGCGCTTGTGACT
        sasBRATTTTTGAGATTTCTTCGTTTTTA
        sasDFGGCGGAGTAGTACCACAAGGAA
        sasDRAATGCTAAGAATAACCCAGATACT
        sasEFTTACAATGCAAACAATCAAGA
        sasERGTTTAGGCGTTTCGTTATGTTTT
        sasFFGGATAGCAAAGACAATAAAAGTTC
        sasFRTGATATGTGTAATGTTGCGTTGAG
        sasHFCGCACCAACTAACAAACCAACTAC
        sasHRTACGCCAATAATTCCATAACGA
        sasIFATACTATCACTTTTTCAGCATCAA
        sasIRTCATTCGTTTTATCGTTAGTATTA
    Alternative sas-specific primers
        sasDF4ATTTTGTTGCATTTCTTT
        sasDR4TCACACGATTTTTCTATTAT
        sasEF2ACCCTGGTAAAGTGATT
        sasER2CTAAAAGGGCAAGTGTT
        sasIF3CAAACACTGCGAAAAACTATCCT
        sasIR3TTTCACCTTTATCATTTTTCATTT
    spa-specific primersspa1095uAGACGATCCTTCGGTGA
        spa1517dCAGCAGTAGTGCCGTTTG
    mec-specific primersmec
        3490uATGATTCAATGCCTAAACCTAATCG (common)
        4110AdGAATTATAACTGGGAATATTTTAAATCCCA (class B mec)
        4110BdCTTTTTGTTTCAAAGTCATACTATTTTCAAC (class A mec)
  • TABLE 2.

    Nucleotide sequence variation among alleles of sas and housekeeping loci

    GeneSequence length (bp)No. of allelesNo. of polymorphic sitesaNo. of informative sitesads/dn
    sas genes
        sasA462859513.9
        sasB462740209.9
        sasD4537112
        sasE450741282.0
        sasF439143424
        sasH467836185.2
        sasI452743253.0
    Housekeeping genes
        arcC4566746.3
        aroE4561419103.4
        glpF46581143.8
        gmk429101376.5
        pta47491145.3
        tpi402111364.0
        yqiL51691344.3
    • ↵ a Excludes insertions and deletions at sasD and sasF.

  • TABLE 3.

    Resolution of sequence-based typing methods

    Typing methodNo. of types% Most frequent typeIndex of diversity (95% CIa)
    spa repeats4811.00.959 (0.948-0.970)
    sas genes3314.40.929 (0.927-0.932)
    Housekeeping genes4515.60.927 (0.909-0.946)
    Multilocus methods (sas + housekeeping)6611.00.965 (0.953-0.977)
    All methods (spa + sas + housekeeping)845.10.988 (0.983-0.993)
    • ↵ a CI, confidence interval.

  • TABLE 4.

    Characteristics of SCCmec

    SCCmec typeSize of element (kb)No. of inferred acquisitions by:No. of variants
    MSSA clonesMRSA clones
    I3432
    II52235
    III6727
    IV21-24913
PreviousNext
Back to top
Download PDF
Citation Tools
Evolutionary Models of the Emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
D. Ashley Robinson, Mark C. Enright
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Nov 2003, 47 (12) 3926-3934; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.47.12.3926-3934.2003

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Print

Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email

Thank you for sharing this Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy article.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Evolutionary Models of the Emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
(Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Share
Evolutionary Models of the Emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
D. Ashley Robinson, Mark C. Enright
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Nov 2003, 47 (12) 3926-3934; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.47.12.3926-3934.2003
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Top
  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

KEYWORDS

Biological Evolution
methicillin resistance
Staphylococcus aureus

Related Articles

Cited By...

About

  • About AAC
  • Editor in Chief
  • Editorial Board
  • Policies
  • For Reviewers
  • For the Media
  • For Librarians
  • For Advertisers
  • Alerts
  • AAC Podcast
  • RSS
  • FAQ
  • Permissions
  • Journal Announcements

Authors

  • ASM Author Center
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Article Types
  • Ethics
  • Contact Us

Follow #AACJournal

@ASMicrobiology

       

ASM Journals

ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology.

About ASM | Contact Us | Press Room

 

ASM is a member of

Scientific Society Publisher Alliance

 

American Society for Microbiology
1752 N St. NW
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 737-3600

Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology | Privacy Policy | Website feedback

Print ISSN: 0066-4804; Online ISSN: 1098-6596