Skip to main content
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems
  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About AAC
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • AAC Podcast
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems

User menu

  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
publisher-logosite-logo

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About AAC
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • AAC Podcast
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
Susceptibility

In Vitro Activities of 35 Double Combinations of Antifungal Agents against Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans

Manuel Cuenca-Estrella, Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo, Laura Alcazar-Fuoli, Leticia Bernal-Martinez, Alicia Gomez-Lopez, Maria J. Buitrago, Emilia Mellado, Juan L. Rodriguez-Tudela
Manuel Cuenca-Estrella
Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, España
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: mcuenca-estrella@isciii.es
Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, España
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Laura Alcazar-Fuoli
Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, España
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Leticia Bernal-Martinez
Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, España
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Alicia Gomez-Lopez
Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, España
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Maria J. Buitrago
Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, España
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Emilia Mellado
Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, España
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Juan L. Rodriguez-Tudela
Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, España
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01160-07
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

ABSTRACT

Activities of 35 combinations of antifungal agents against Scedosporium spp. were analyzed by a checkerboard microdilution design and the summation of fractional concentration index. An average indifferent effect was detected apart from combinations of azole agents and echinocandins against Scedosporium apiospermum. Antagonism was absent for all antifungal combinations against both species.

Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudallescheria boydii) is considered to be susceptible to voriconazole, posaconazole, and miconazole and appears to have various susceptibilities to itraconazole, ketoconazole, and amphotericin B. S. prolificans seems to be more resistant than S. apiospermum to antifungals, tolerating virtually all systemically active antifungal agents, including the new triazoles and echinocandins (2, 4, 6-10, 16, 17, 22).

Combination therapy could be an alternative to monotherapy for patients with invasive infections that are difficult to treat, such as those due to multiresistant species, and for those who fail to respond to standard treatment (5, 13, 14).

We have analyzed the in vitro activities of 35 combinations of broad-spectrum antifungal agents against a panel of clinical isolates of S. apiospermum and S. prolificans.

(This study was presented in part at the 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 2006.)

Fungi.

Twelve S. apiospermum clinical strains and 12 S. prolificans strains were tested. The majority of isolates (n = 16) were obtained from blood cultures and the remainder (n = 8) from specimens of deep sites. Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 204305 and Aspergillus flavus ATCC 204304 were included as quality control organisms (9, 20).

Antifungal agents.

Antifungal agents used were amphotericin B (range, 16.0 to 0.03 μg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich Quimica S.A., Madrid, Spain), flucytosine (range, 64.0 to 0.12 μg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich), itraconazole (range, 8.0 to 0.015 μg/ml; Janssen S.A., Madrid, Spain), voriconazole (range, 8.0 to 0.015 μg/ml; Pfizer S.A., Madrid, Spain), ravuconazole (range, 8.0 to 0.015 μg/ml; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ), posaconazole (range, 8.0 to 0.015 μg/ml; Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ), terbinafine (range, 16.0 to 0.03 μg/ml; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), caspofungin (range, 16.0 to 0.03 μg/ml; Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ), micafungin (range, 16.0 to 0.03 μg/ml; Astellas Pharma, Inc., Tokyo, Japan), and anidulafungin (range, 16.0 to 0.03 μg/ml; Pfizer S.A.).

Antifungal susceptibility testing.

The individual MICs were determined by following the recommendations of the European Subcommittee for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AFST-EUCAST) (1, 11, 15, 21, 23).

For amphotericin B, flucytosine, and azole compounds, the MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the antifungal agent that completely inhibited fungal growth. For echinocandins, two different visual determinations of the endpoint were performed: (i) complete inhibition of growth (MIC) and (ii) the lowest drug concentration resulting in aberrant hyphal growth by examination with an inverted microscope, or the minimum effective concentration (MEC) (3, 24).

Interaction of drugs in vitro.

Drug interaction was evaluated in a checkerboard microdilution design. The combined effects were analyzed by summation of the fractional concentration index (FICi). For combinations including echinocandin, the FICi was also calculated taking into account both the MIC and the MEC of the echinocandin. The interactions were defined as synergistic if the FICi was ≤0.5, as antagonistic if the FICi was >4, and indifferent (or no interaction) if the FICi was >0.5 but ≤4. Duplicate testing was performed on two separate days.

Analysis of data.

Descriptive statistical analysis of MIC, MEC, and FICi values was done with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 15.0; SPSS S.L., Madrid, Spain).

Results and discussion.

Table 1 shows the susceptibility testing results of Scedosporium clinical strains.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
TABLE 1.

Susceptibility results of 24 clinical isolates of Scedosporium spp.

Regarding interactions of antifungal agents, a summary of the combined effects in vitro is displayed in Table 2. For S. apiospermum, an average indifferent effect was detected for combinations including amphotericin B, flucytosine, and terbinafine. However, average synergy was detected for some isolates and combinations of azole agents and echinocandins. In addition, some combinations showed synergy against a percentage of strains of S. apiospermum. Amphotericin B exhibited a positive effect against 15 to 25% of isolates when combined with azole agents. The combination of terbinafine plus itraconazole was synergistic against one-third of the isolates. The highest rates of synergy were obtained for azole agents plus echinocandins, particularly with itraconazole plus caspofungin, which exhibited synergy against 100% of strains. Other azole and echinocandin combinations also showed synergy against significant percentages of S. apiospermum isolates.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
TABLE 2.

Average FICi by Scedosporium spp. per antifungal combinationa

As for Scedosporium prolificans, all combinations were indifferent but synergy was detected for 15 to 25% of isolates for some combinations. The most active combination was ravuconazole plus caspofungin, which was synergistic against 41.7% of S. prolificans isolates when MEC values were used as endpoints.

Notably, antagonism was absent for all antifungal combinations against both Scedosporium spp.

The combined activity of antifungal agents against Scedosporium has rarely been evaluated previously. A report on the combined effect in vitro of amphotericin B and azole agents (miconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole) against S. apiospermum was published in 1995 (26). Authors used the checkerboard technique and described an average indifferent effect, but synergy was found for some isolates, particularly for the amphotericin B and miconazole combination. Antagonism was not reported.

Meletiadis et al. reported that the combination of terbinafine with miconazole, voriconazole, or itraconazole showed synergy in vitro against S. prolificans (18, 19). The synergistic effects were more potent after 72 h of incubation. Authors used the checkerboard technique with three different reading methods, one spectrophotometrical and two colorimetric techniques. An alternative response surface approach method was used for assessing drug interaction as well (18).

Our results concur with those found years ago for S. apiospermum. Amphotericin B and azole agents showed synergy against a number of isolates, although an indifferent effect was the most common interaction. However, our data are somehow different from results reported by Meletiadis et al. We did not find a synergistic effect between terbinafine and azole agents in all cases. We observed synergy for 25% of S. prolificans isolates and only between voriconazole plus terbinafine and ravuconazole plus terbinafine.

We have obtained some novel results as well. Combinations including an azole agent plus an echinocandin exhibited synergy against most S. apiospermum isolates. The positive effect was particularly common for combinations including an azole compound plus caspofungin. Differences in combined activity of distinct echinocandins may be explained by different molecular interactions and limitations of the analysis by the FICi method. Further experiments are warranted in order to assess these interactions.

Data on the clinical efficacy of combination therapy in cases of Scedosporium infection are too scarce. Combinations of voriconazole plus terbinafine with or without aggressive surgical debridement have resulted in the cure or control of deep infections due to S. prolificans (12). In addition, a case of S. prolificans osteomyelitis was treated successfully with systemic administration of voriconazole and caspofungin (25).

There is insufficient evidence to make any recommendations for combination therapy, but azole agents plus echinocandins against S. apiospermum and terbinafine plus voriconazole against S. prolificans could have clinical efficacy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A. Alastruey-Izquierdo has a predoctoral fellowship from Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (grant FI05/00856). L. Alcazar-Fuoli has a research contract from the European Commission STREP project LSHM-CT-2005-518199. L. Bernal-Martinez has a research contract from REIPI (Red Española de Investigación de Patología Infecciosa, project MPY 1022/07_1). A. Gomez-Lopez has a research contract from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (grant CM05/00184).

No authors have a conflict of interest.

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 3 September 2007.
    • Returned for modification 3 November 2007.
    • Accepted 29 December 2007.
  • Copyright © 2008 American Society for Microbiology

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    Aberkane, A., M. Cuenca-Estrella, A. Gomez-Lopez, E. Petrikkou, E. Mellado, A. Monzon, and J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela. 2002. Comparative evaluation of two different methods of inoculum preparation for antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.50:719-722.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. 2.↵
    Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., M. Cuenca-Estrella, A. Monzon, and J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela. 2007. Prevalence and susceptibility testing of new species of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium in a collection of clinical mold isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.51:748-751.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. 3.↵
    Arikan, S., M. Lozano-Chiu, V. Paetznick, and J. H. Rex. 2002. In vitro synergy of caspofungin and amphotericin B against Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.46:245-247.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. 4.↵
    Carrillo-Munoz, A. J., M. Ruesga, S. Brio, O. del Valle, V. Rodriguez, P. Santos, J. M. Hernandez-Molina, E. Canton, J. Peman, J. Guarro, and G. Quindos. 2002. Comparison of in vitro antifungal activities of amphotericin B lipid complex with itraconazole against 708 clinical yeast isolates and opportunistic moulds determined by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards methods M27-A and M38-P. Chemotherapy48:224-231.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    Cuenca-Estrella, M. 2003. Are combinations of antifungals beneficial or deleterious? Adv. Stud. Med.3:S14-S17.
    OpenUrl
  6. 6.↵
    Cuenca-Estrella, M., A. Gomez-Lopez, E. Mellado, M. J. Buitrago, A. Monzon, and J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela. 2006. Head-to-head comparison of the activities of currently available antifungal agents against 3,378 Spanish clinical isolates of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.50:917-921.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  7. 7.
    Cuenca-Estrella, M., A. Gomez-Lopez, E. Mellado, G. Garcia-Effron, A. Monzon, and J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela. 2005. In vitro activity of ravuconazole against 923 clinical isolates of nondermatophyte filamentous fungi. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.49:5136-5138.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. 8.
    Cuenca-Estrella, M., B. Ruiz-Diez, J. V. Martinez-Suarez, A. Monzon, and J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela. 1999. Comparative in-vitro activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496) and six other antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.43:149-151.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  9. 9.↵
    Espinel-Ingroff, A., A. Fothergill, M. Ghannoum, E. Manavathu, L. Ostrosky-Zeichner, M. Pfaller, M. Rinaldi, W. Schell, and T. Walsh. 2005. Quality control and reference guidelines for CLSI broth microdilution susceptibility method (M38-A document) for amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. J. Clin. Microbiol.43:5243-5246.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. 10.↵
    Gilgado, F., C. Serena, J. Cano, J. Gene, and J. Guarro. 2006. Antifungal susceptibilities of the species of the Pseudallescheria boydii complex. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.50:4211-4213.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. 11.↵
    Gomez-Lopez, A., A. Aberkane, E. Petrikkou, E. Mellado, J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela, and M. Cuenca-Estrella. 2005. Analysis of the influence of Tween concentration, inoculum size, assay medium, and reading time on susceptibility testing of Aspergillus spp. J. Clin. Microbiol.43:1251-1255.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  12. 12.↵
    Guarro, J., A. S. Kantarcioglu, R. Horre, J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela, M. Cuenca-Estrella, J. Berenguer, and G. S. de Hoog. 2006. Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist. Med. Mycol.44:295-327.
    OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
  13. 13.↵
    Johnson, M. D., C. MacDougall, L. Ostrosky-Zeichner, J. R. Perfect, and J. H. Rex. 2004. Combination antifungal therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.48:693-715.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  14. 14.↵
    Kontoyiannis, D. P., R. Hachem, R. E. Lewis, G. A. Rivero, H. A. Torres, J. Thornby, R. Champlin, H. Kantarjian, G. P. Bodey, and I. I. Raad. 2003. Efficacy and toxicity of caspofungin in combination with liposomal amphotericin B as primary or salvage treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer98:292-299.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. 15.↵
    Lass-Florl, C., M. Cuenca-Estrella, D. W. Denning, and J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela. 2006. Antifungal susceptibility testing in Aspergillus spp. according to EUCAST methodology. Med. Mycol.44(Suppl.):319-325.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  16. 16.↵
    Linares, M. J., G. Charriel, F. Solis, F. Rodriguez, A. Ibarra, and M. Casal. 2005. Susceptibility of filamentous fungi to voriconazole tested by two microdilution methods. J. Clin. Microbiol.43:250-253.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  17. 17.↵
    Meletiadis, J., J. F. Meis, J. W. Mouton, J. L. Rodriquez-Tudela, J. P. Donnelly, and P. E. Verweij. 2002. In vitro activities of new and conventional antifungal agents against clinical Scedosporium isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.46:62-68.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    Meletiadis, J., J. W. Mouton, J. F. Meis, and P. E. Verweij. 2003. In vitro drug interaction modeling of combinations of azoles with terbinafine against clinical Scedosporium prolificans isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.47:106-117.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  19. 19.↵
    Meletiadis, J., J. W. Mouton, J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela, J. F. Meis, and P. E. Verweij. 2000. In vitro interaction of terbinafine with itraconazole against clinical isolates of Scedosporium prolificans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.44:470-472.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  20. 20.↵
    National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 2002. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. Approved standard. NCCLS document M38-A. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA.
  21. 21.↵
    Petrikkou, E., J. L. Rodriguez-Tudela, M. Cuenca-Estrella, A. Gomez, A. Molleja, and E. Mellado. 2001. Inoculum standardization for antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi pathogenic for humans. J. Clin. Microbiol.39:1345-1347.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  22. 22.↵
    Pfaller, M. A., S. A. Messer, L. Boyken, R. J. Hollis, and D. J. Diekema. 2003. In vitro susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi: comparison of Etest and reference M38-A microdilution methods for determining posaconazole MICs. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.45:241-244.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  23. 23.↵
    Rodriguez-Tudela, J. L., E. Chryssanthou, E. Petrikkou, J. Mosquera, D. W. Denning, and M. Cuenca-Estrella. 2003. Interlaboratory evaluation of hematocytometer method of inoculum preparation for testing antifungal susceptibilities of filamentous fungi. J. Clin. Microbiol.41:5236-5237.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  24. 24.↵
    Shalit, I., Y. Shadkchan, Z. Samra, and N. Osherov. 2003. In vitro synergy of caspofungin and itraconazole against Aspergillus spp.: MIC versus minimal effective concentration end points. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.47:1416-1418.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  25. 25.↵
    Steinbach, W. J., W. A. Schell, J. L. Miller, and J. R. Perfect. 2003. Scedosporium prolificans osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent child treated with voriconazole and caspofungin, as well as locally applied polyhexamethylene biguanide. J. Clin. Microbiol.41:3981-3985.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  26. 26.↵
    Walsh, T. J., J. Peter, D. A. McGough, A. W. Fothergill, M. G. Rinaldi, and P. A. Pizzo. 1995. Activities of amphotericin B and antifungal azoles alone and in combination against Pseudallescheria boydii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.39:1361-1364.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
PreviousNext
Back to top
Download PDF
Citation Tools
In Vitro Activities of 35 Double Combinations of Antifungal Agents against Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans
Manuel Cuenca-Estrella, Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo, Laura Alcazar-Fuoli, Leticia Bernal-Martinez, Alicia Gomez-Lopez, Maria J. Buitrago, Emilia Mellado, Juan L. Rodriguez-Tudela
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Feb 2008, 52 (3) 1136-1139; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01160-07

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Print

Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email

Thank you for sharing this Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy article.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
In Vitro Activities of 35 Double Combinations of Antifungal Agents against Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
(Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Share
In Vitro Activities of 35 Double Combinations of Antifungal Agents against Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans
Manuel Cuenca-Estrella, Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo, Laura Alcazar-Fuoli, Leticia Bernal-Martinez, Alicia Gomez-Lopez, Maria J. Buitrago, Emilia Mellado, Juan L. Rodriguez-Tudela
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Feb 2008, 52 (3) 1136-1139; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01160-07
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Top
  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • Fungi.
    • Antifungal agents.
    • Antifungal susceptibility testing.
    • Interaction of drugs in vitro.
    • Analysis of data.
    • Results and discussion.
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

KEYWORDS

antifungal agents
Scedosporium

Related Articles

Cited By...

About

  • About AAC
  • Editor in Chief
  • Editorial Board
  • Policies
  • For Reviewers
  • For the Media
  • For Librarians
  • For Advertisers
  • Alerts
  • AAC Podcast
  • RSS
  • FAQ
  • Permissions
  • Journal Announcements

Authors

  • ASM Author Center
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Article Types
  • Ethics
  • Contact Us

Follow #AACJournal

@ASMicrobiology

       

ASM Journals

ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology.

About ASM | Contact Us | Press Room

 

ASM is a member of

Scientific Society Publisher Alliance

 

American Society for Microbiology
1752 N St. NW
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 737-3600

Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology | Privacy Policy | Website feedback

Print ISSN: 0066-4804; Online ISSN: 1098-6596