Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
Isobolograms of the interaction of chloroquine with HIV PIs against chloroquine-resistant clone Dd2 (▪) and chloroquine-sensitive clone 3D7 (▴) in vitro. The effect of the combination of HIV PIs with chloroquine against malaria parasites was tested by titration of the two drugs at fixed ratios proportional to their 50% effective concentrations. The results were expressed as fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs), and I values were calculated to quantitate the interaction between HIV PIs and chloroquine. The results are means of three independent experiments.
- FIG. 2.
Synergistic suppression of chloroquine resistance of P. chabaudi ASCQ by chloroquine in combination with ritonavir. Mice infected with chloroquine-resistant P. chabaudi ASCQ were treated with the single drug chloroquine (CQ) or ritonavir (R) or a combination of both at specified dosages by oral administration. The results are expressed as means and standard errors (n = 6). ☆☆, P < 0.01 versus the untreated group; ▵, P < 0.05, and ▵▵, P < 0.01 versus single CQ- or R-treated groups.
- FIG. 3.
Synergistic suppression of P. chabaudi ASCQ and ASS by chloroquine in combination with HIV PIs. Mice infected with either the chloroquine-resistant line ASCQ (A) or the chloroquine-sensitive line ASS (B) of P. chabaudi were treated with a single drug (CQ or HIV PIs) or a combination of two drugs at specified dosages by oral administration. The results shown are means and standard errors (n = 6). ☆☆, P < 0.01 versus the untreated group; ▵, P < 0.05, and ▵▵, P < 0.01 versus the single-drug CQ-treated group. CQ, chloroquine; S, saquinavir; L, lopinavir; A, atazanavir; R, ritonavir; N, nelfinavir.
