ABSTRACT
A novel QnrB-like plasmid-mediated resistance determinant, QnrB19, was identified from an Escherichia coli clinical isolate from Colombia. Its gene was associated with an ISEcp1-like insertion element that did not act as a promoter for its expression. Using an in vitro model of transposition, we showed that the ISEcp1-like element was able to mobilize the qnrB19 gene.
Resistance to quinolones in Enterobacteriaceae most commonly arises stepwise as a result of chromosomal mutations responsible for the modification of target enzymes (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV) or decreased intracellular drug accumulation by the upregulation of efflux pumps and/or modified outer-membrane porins (27). Since the discovery of the first plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinant, QnrA, in 1998 (15), four other PMQR determinants have been identified to date: the QnrB (12) and QnrS (10) proteins, the aminoglycoside acetyltransferase AAC(6′)-Ib-cr (25), and the efflux pump QepA (19, 30). Resistance due to Qnr determinants is increasingly reported worldwide in enterobacterial isolates (18, 26) and has been recently identified outside Enterobacteriaceae in environmental Aeromonas isolates from France (3). The three types of Qnr determinants, QnrA, QnrB, and QnrS, belong to the pentapeptide repeat family of proteins (18, 26). By protecting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from the inhibitory activity of quinolones, Qnr proteins confer resistance to quinolones (e.g., nalidixic acid) and decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, therefore facilitating the recovery of chromosome-encoded target mutants with a higher level of resistance to fluoroquinolones (18, 26). Whereas qnrA-like genes have only been identified as part of the complex sul1-type integrons in association with the orf513 transposase gene (18, 26), which is part of a region redefined as ISCR1 (28), qnrB-like genes have been found to be associated with either the orf1005 gene encoding a putative transposase (12) or the ISCR1 element (8, 24).
The aim of this study was (i) to investigate the genetic environment of a qnrB-like gene from an Escherichia coli clinical isolate, (ii) to evaluate experimentally the mobility of that putative transposon in E. coli, and (iii) to determine the promoter sequences of the qnrB-like gene responsible for the expression of that gene.
E. coli R4525 expressing an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype had been isolated in 2002 from a wound culture of a patient hospitalized at the Hospital San Jeronimo in Monteria, Colombia. In the course of studying the genetic support of the ESBL determinant in E. coli R4525, conjugation experiments followed by selection with sodium azide (100 μg/ml) and amoxicillin (50 μg/ml) as previously described (3) gave E. coli J53 transconjugants displaying an ESBL phenotype and decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. This result prompted us to search for the presence of PMQR determinants. The screening of qnr genes using a multiplex strategy (5) identified a qnrB-like gene in both E. coli R4525 and its transconjugant. By contrast, PCR screening performed as described previously (16) did not detect any AAC(6′)-Ib-cr- or QepA-encoding gene. The qnrB-like gene was sequenced and found to encode a novel determinant, which was termed QnrB19 in accordance with the recent qnr gene nomenclature (11). It differed by a single amino acid substitution at position 212 from QnrB5 (GenBank accession no. DQ303919) previously identified in a non-Typhi Salmonella isolate from the United States (9). The MICs were determined on Mueller-Hinton solid agar plates and the results interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (6). E. coli R4525 was resistant to aminoglycosides (except amikacin), chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim (data not shown). It was resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC > 32 μg/ml) and fluoroquinolones (MICs > 32 μg/ml) (Table 1). Sequence analysis of the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of the gyrA and parC genes by using primers previously described (2) showed that E. coli R4525 possessed two amino acid substitutions both in GyrA (Ser83Leu and Asp87Tyr) and ParC (Ser80Ile and Glu84Gly), compared to wild-type QRDRs of E. coli (Table 1), known to confer resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones (27). Plasmid analysis of the E. coli J53 transconjugant using the Kieser technique (13) identified a single 40-kb plasmid (pR4525) shown by PCR to carry the blaCTX-M-12, blaSHV-12, and qnrB19 genes (data not shown). As previously reported for QnrB-like proteins, QnrB19 expressed in the E. coli transconjugant conferred increased MICs of quinolones and fluoroquinolones (Table 1) (9, 12, 24).
MICs of quinolones for the E. coli clinical isolate R4525, its transconjugant, and reference strain E. coli J53 Azr
Since preliminary experiments failed to identify genetic structures that had been associated with qnrB-like genes (8, 12, 24), cloning experiments were performed with EcoRI-restricted whole-cell DNA of an E. coli R4525 isolate, followed by the ligation of DNA fragments into the EcoRI site of cloning vector pBK-CMV (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), as previously described (3). Analysis of a 3.2-kb DNA fragment carrying the qnrB19 gene identified its location downstream of the extremity of an ISEcp1-like element (Fig. 1). The transposase of the ISEcp1-like element (termed ISEcp1C) differed by one and two amino acids from those of ISEcp1 (GenBank accession no. AJ242809) and ISEcp1B (GenBank accession no. AF458080), respectively, whereas its imperfect inverted repeat left (IRL) and right (IRR1) sequences (2 bp mismatches) were identical to those of ISEcp1 and ISEcp1B (Fig. 1). ISEcp1-like elements have been identified at the 5′ end of several β-lactamase genes, such as the blaCTX-M, blaCMY, and blaACC genes, and associated with the 16S rRNA methyltransferase gene rmtC, enabling those genes to be transposed (7, 14, 17, 22, 23, 29).
Schematic map of the structure of transposon Tn2012 identified on the pR4525 natural plasmid of E. coli R4525. Open reading frames are shown as arrows or horizontal boxes with an arrow indicating the orientation of the coding sequence with the gene name above the corresponding boxes. The IRL, IRR1, and IRR2 motifs are indicated (blackened bp are identical, whereas whitened bp are different), and target site duplications (ATCAA) are represented by black bars.
The qnrB19 gene was part of a 2,739-bp potential transposon flanked by a 5-bp duplication of the target site (ATCAA), likely evidence of a transposition event (Fig. 1). This potential transposon (named Tn2012), comprising ISEcp1C and qnrB19, was inserted inside the orf1 gene of the transposon Tn1721 (Fig. 1). Tn1721 is an 11.1-kb nonconjugative transposon belonging to the Tn21 subgroup of the Tn3 family of bacterial transposons that confers inducible tetracycline resistance (1). The novel transposon Tn2012 was bracketed by two imperfect 14-bp IR sequences (seven mismatches), namely, the IRL of ISEcp1C and an IRR named IRR2 (Fig. 1). This IRR2 sequence shared 7 out of 14 bp with the original IRR1 of ISEcp1C. This observation is in accordance with previous studies (14, 22, 23), showing that ISEcp1B was able to use as IRRs sequences sharing weak identity with its original IRR1, corresponding to a one-ended transposition mechanism.
Transposition experiments were performed as previously described (14, 22) in order to determine whether ISEcp1C was able to mobilize the qnrB19 gene. Briefly, the sequence of the entire Tn2012 transposon was amplified by PCR using primers orf1-A (5′-CGACAACGGATATTCAAAGC-3′) and orf1-B (5′-ACTTTGCAAATTATTCTGCCC-3′) and then cloned into the kanamycin-resistant pCR-BluntII-TOPO plasmid (Invitrogen). This recombinant plasmid, first transferred and selected in E. coli TOP10 (Invitrogen), was used for the electrotransformation of E. coli RZ211 (pOX38-Gm). Plasmid pOX38-Gm is a self-conjugative and insertion element-free plasmid carrying a gentamicin resistance marker. The transposition of Tn2012 from the recombinant pCR-BluntII-TOPO derivative to plasmid pOX38-Gm was investigated after 24 h of growth in Trypticase soy broth by mating RZ211 with azide-resistant E. coli J53 and selecting for transconjugants growing on agar plates containing 8 μg of gentamicin per ml, 6 μg of nalidixic acid per ml, and 100 μg of azide per ml. The plasmid DNA of several nalidixic acid-resistant transconjugants was extracted and pOX38-Gm sequencing confirmed the ISEcp1C-mediated transposition of qnrB19. The transposition frequency, calculated by dividing the number of transconjugants by the number of donors, was estimated to be 10−6 to 10−7 per donor cell. Moreover, an analysis of five insertion events of ISEcp1C-qnrB19 sequences in plasmid pOX38-Gm showed that transposition had occurred into five different sites distantly located on the recipient plasmid. Alignment of the target sites revealed variable sequences (ATTAT, ATTAC, TCATA, TACAT, and TTCAT), exhibiting an AT-rich content as previously observed (14, 22).
It has been shown that ISEcp1-like elements may bring promoter sequences for the high-level expression of downstream-located β-lactamase genes (17, 23, 29). However, as opposed to what has been reported for those genes, the qnrB19 gene was located in an opposite orientation with respect to the transposase gene of ISEcp1C (Fig. 1). The promoter sequences for the qnrB19 expression were determined by using the 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique (Invitrogen). Total RNA was extracted from cultures of E. coli R4525 by using the RNeasy Protect mini kit (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France). The +1 transcription start site was identified 28 bp upstream of an ATG codon located inside the presumed qnrB19 gene. This prompted us to consider the qnrB19 gene to be only 645 bp long and the QnrB19 protein to be 214 amino acids long, not 226 amino acids long as previously considered for QnrB1 (11, 12). This result is in accordance with other observations showing that the putative QnrB1 sequence was longer than the QnrA and QnrS sequences but also than other chromosome-encoded Qnr-like sequences from Vibrionaceae (11, 21). The deduced promoter region based on the +1 start site identified a −35 box (TTGACG) and a −10 box (TACCAT) separated by a 17-bp sequence (Fig. 2).
We have demonstrated here that an ISEcp1 element was at the origin of the acquisition of a qnrB-like gene (qnrB19) and that it was not involved in the expression of that gene, as opposed to what has been reported for other antibiotic resistance genes. Although several qnrB-like genes have been reported to be associated with ISCR1, we report here a novel genetic structure responsible for qnrB acquisition and dissemination. It remains to be determined what could be the natural reservoir of ISEcp1-like elements since it is associated with structurally unrelated resistance determinants of various origins, such as the blaCTX-M and blaCMY genes from Enterobacteriaceae and the qnr-like genes from Vibrionaceae and Shewanellaceae (4, 20).
Nucleotide sequence accession number.
The nucleotide sequence of the qnrB19 gene and that of Tn2012 shown in Fig. 1 were submitted to the GenBank database and can be found under accession no. EU432277 and EU523120, respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was financed by a grant from the Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Recherche (grant UPRES, EA3539), Université Paris XI, Paris, France, and by the European Community (6th PCRD, LSHM-CT-2005-018705).
FOOTNOTES
- Received 12 March 2008.
- Returned for modification 27 April 2008.
- Accepted 24 May 2008.
- Copyright © 2008 American Society for Microbiology
