Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Organisms with acquired MBLs emerged in the late 1980s in Japan and since the mid-1990s have been identified worldwide. They include numerous species, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa playing the major role. Of several MBL families, VIM and IMP types are the most prevalent, being coded by gene cassettes inside class 1 integrons (4, 14, 17).
The first four MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates reported in Austria were identified in October to December 2007. Three isolates (22843, 26285, and 27135) were recovered in a hospital laboratory in Steyr which has tested all carbapenem-nonsusceptible P. aeruginosa isolates with Etest MBL (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden). The isolates gave the only positive results by the end of 2007 (774 P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered in 2007; 15% were carbapenem nonsusceptible). The last isolate (M136074) was identified in a laboratory in Salzburg collaborating with general practitioners and nine hospitals. All P. aeruginosa isolates with reduced susceptibilities to carbapenems, ticarcillin-clavulanate, and ceftazidime (MICs, ≥4, >16, and >8 μg/ml, respectively) have been analyzed with the MBL disk test (1), and M136074 has been the only positive isolate so far (361 P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered in 2007; 7% were carbapenem nonsusceptible). It was recovered from a wound of a nursing home resident with a hospitalization history in 2007. Susceptibility was determined by using Etest (Table 1). MBL detection was confirmed by the spectrophotometric assay (3) and the hyplex MBL ID system targeted at the blaIMP and blaVIM genes (BAG Health Care, Lich, Germany), which identified blaIMP genes in isolates 26285 and M136074 and blaVIM genes in isolates 22843 and 27135. Variable regions of class 1 integrons with MBL gene cassettes were sequenced as described previously (6). Isolate 26285 carried the blaIMP-13 and aacA4 cassettes, whereas isolate M136074 had a single cassette, blaIMP-22. Both blaIMP-13 and blaIMP-22 were originally identified in Italy, which reported the highest rate of IMPs in Europe, especially IMP-13 (15). The blaIMP-13-aacA4 array was indistinguishable from those in P. aeruginosa from Rome (16) and San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy (11). The blaIMP-22 cassette was identical to that in a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain from L'Aquila, Italy (EMBL/GenBank accession no. DQ361087) but was located in another integronic context. The isolates 22843 and 27135 contained the same array, aacA29a-blaVIM-2-aacA29b, as in integron In59 in P. aeruginosa from France (13), later found in P. aeruginosa in Sweden (a Greek patient) (7). The isolates were subjected to multilocus sequence typing, using the procedure and the database available at http://pubmlst.org (5, 8). The isolates 26285 (with IMP-13) and M136074 (with IMP-22) represented new sequence types, ST621 and ST620, respectively. While ST621 is a singleton, ST620 has single-locus variants from other countries (ST320, ST338, and ST520). The isolates 22843 and 27135 (VIM-2) were classified into ST111, a founder of the clonal complex CC4, corresponding to the major European P. aeruginosa clone P12 (9). P12 members express various resistance mechanisms, including MBLs (2, 7, 9, 10, 12). Interestingly, the “Greek-Swedish” isolate with In59 represented ST229, which also belongs to CC4 (7). The conjugation and hybridization assays, performed as described previously (6), suggested the chromosomal location of the MBL genes.
TABLE 1. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa isolates
This study revealed a remarkable diversity for the first MBL producers in Austria and a complex view of their genetic relationships with isolates from other European countries.
Nucleotide sequence accession number.
The blaIMP-22 gene cassette array sequence was assigned the EMBL database accession number FM876313.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank L. Wassill and D. Ganghofner (AmplexDiagnostics GmbH) and A. Baraniak, K. Bojarska, and M. Herda for their assistance.
- American Society for Microbiology
REFERENCES
- ↵
Arakawa, Y., N. Shibata, K. Shibayama, H. Kurokawa, T. Yagi, H. Fujiwara, and M. Goto. 2000. Convenient test for screening metallo-beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria by using thiol compounds. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:40-43.
- ↵
Brisse, S., D. Milatovic, A. C. Fluit, K. Kusters, A. Toelstra, J. Verhoef, and F. J. Schmitz. 2000. Molecular surveillance of European quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. using automated ribotyping. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:3636-3645.
- ↵
Cardoso, O., R. Leitão, A. Figueiredo, J. C. Sousa, A. Duarte, and L. Peixe. 2002. Metallo-β-lactamase VIM-2 in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Portugal. Microb. Drug Resist. 8:93-97.
- ↵
Cornaglia, G., M. Akova, G. Amicosante, R. Cantón, R. Cauda, J. D. Docquier, M. Edelstein, J. M. Frére, M. Füzi, M. Galleni, H. Giamarellou, M. Gniadkowski, R. Koncan, B. Libisch, F. Luzzaro, V. Miriagou, F. Navarro, P. Nordmann, L. Pagani, L. Peixe, L. Poirel, M. Souli, E. Tacconelli, A. Vatopoulos, and G. M. Rossolini. 2007. Metallo-β-lactamases as emerging resistance determinants in gram-negative pathogens: open issues. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 29:380-388.
- ↵
Curran, B., D. Jonas, H. Grundmann, T. Pitt, and C. G. Dowson. 2004. Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:5644-5649.
- ↵
Fiett, J., A. Baraniak, A. Mrówka, M. Fleischer, Z. Drulis-Kawa, Ł. Naumiuk, A. Samet, W. Hryniewicz, and M. Gniadkowski. 2006. Molecular epidemiology of the acquired metallo-β-lactamase-producing bacteria in Poland. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50:880-886.
- ↵
Giske, C. G., B. Libisch, C. Colinon, E. Scoulica, L. Pagani, M. Füzi, G. Kronvall, and G. M. Rossolini. 2006. Establishing clonal relationships between VIM-1-like metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from four European countries by multilocus sequence typing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:4309-4315.
- ↵
Jolley, K. A., M. S. Chan, and M. C. Maiden. 2004. mlstdbNet-distributed multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) databases. BMC Bioinform. 5:86.
- ↵
Libisch, B., J. Watine, B. Balogh, M. Gacs, M. Muzslay, G. Szabó, and M. Füzi. 2008. Molecular typing indicates an important role for two international clonal complexes in dissemination of VIM-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in Hungary. Res. Microbiol. 159:162-168.
- ↵
Mifsud, A. J., J. Watine, B. Picard, J. C. Charet, C. Solignac-Bourrel, and T. L. Pitt. 1997. Epidemiologically related and unrelated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O12 cannot be distinguished by phenotypic and genotypic typing. J. Hosp. Infect. 36:105-116.
- ↵
Pagani, L., C. Colinon, R. Migliavacca, M. Labonia, J. D. Docquier, E. Nucleo, M. Spalla, M. Li Bergoli, and G. M. Rossolini. 2005. Nosocomial outbreak caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing IMP-13 metallo-β-lactamase. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:3824-3828.
- ↵
Pitt, T. L., D. M. Livermore, D. Pitcher, A. C. Vatopoulos, and N. J. Legakis. 1989. Multiresistant serotype O 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evidence for a common strain in Europe. Epidemiol. Infect. 103:565-576.
- ↵
Poirel, L., T. Lambert, S. Türkoglü, E. Ronco, J. Gaillard, and P. Nordmann. 2001. Characterization of class 1 integrons from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that contain the blaVIM-2 carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase gene and of two novel aminoglycoside resistance gene cassettes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45:546-552.
- ↵
Rossolini, G. M. 2005. Acquired metallo-β-lactamases: an increasing clinical threat. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41:1557-1558.
- ↵
Rossolini, G. M., F. Luzzaro, R. Migliavacca, C. Mugnaioli, B. Pini, F. De Luca, M. Perilli, S. Pollini, M. Spalla, G. Amicosante, A. Toniolo, and L. Pagani. 2008. First countrywide survey of acquired metallo-β-lactamases in gram-negative pathogens in Italy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:4023-4029.
- ↵
Toleman, M. A., D. Biedenbach, D. Bennett, R. N. Jones, and T. R. Walsh. 2003. Genetic characterization of a novel metallo-β-lactamase gene, blaIMP-13, harboured by a novel Tn5051-type transposon disseminating carbapenemase genes in Europe: report from the SENTRY worldwide antimicrobial surveillance programme. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52:583-590.
- ↵
Walsh, T. R., M. A. Toleman, L. Poirel, and P. Nordmann. 2005. Metallo-β-lactamases: the quiet before the storm? Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:306-325.
