Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1
Bacterial biofilm formation before (■) and after (□) long-term exposure to ApoEdpL-W (A), chlorhexidine (B), PHMB (C), and triclosan (D). Data represent changes in biofilm formation in selected bacteria that underwent >4-fold changes in the MBCs following microbicide exposure. *, significant change in result (P < 0.001). Data show the mean levels of biofilm-bound crystal violet for P0 and P10 samples taken from two separate experiments each with three technical replicates.
Tables
- TABLE 1
MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations of bacteria before and after treatment with cetrimidea
Test bacterium MIC (μg/ml) MBC (μg/ml) Before exposure P10 X10 Before exposure P10 X10 Bacillus cereus 7.3 14.5 7.3 14.5 48.3 (8) 29 Burkholderia cepacia 38.7 (17) 38.6 (8) 29 116 232 232 Chryseobacterium indologenes 12.1 (4) 14.5 14.5 29 29 29 Corynebacterium xerosis 3.6 3.6 3.6 14.5 9.7 (4) 14.5 Enterococcus faecalis 12.1 (4) 14.5 14.5 29 38.7 (16) 58 Escherichia coli 29.17 (8) 116 29 116 464 116 Klebsiella pneumoniae 29.3 (8) 116 29 29 58 58 Micrococcus luteus 14.5 7.3 (33) 14.5 58 19.3 (8) 29 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 232 232 232 464 464 464 Serratia marcescens 24.2 (8) 37.3 (14) 29 37.3 (14) 116 58 Staphylococcus aureus 4.8 (2) 6 (2) 7.3 7.3 14.5 7.3 Staphylococcus capitis 3.6 7.3 7.3 14.5 7.3 7.3 Staphylococcus caprae 0.9 1.8 1.8 14.5 14.5 14.5 Staphylococcus epidermidis 1.8 7.3 1.8 3.6 7.3 7.3 Staphylococcus haemolyticus 0.4 7.3 7.3 14.5 14.5 14.5 Staphylococcus lugdunensis 0.4 3.6 3.6 29 14.5 29 Staphylococcus warneri 4.8 (2) 6.1 (2) 7.3 193.3 232 116 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 19.3 (8) 29 29 58 24.2 (8) 58 ↵a Data show the mean MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations of bacteria before and after microbicide exposure in μg/ml and represent samples taken from two separate experiments each with three technical replicates. For data that varied between replicates, SDs are given in parentheses. Bold type indicates a ≥4-fold change when comparing P0 to P10 and X10 values.
- TABLE 2
MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations of bacteria before and after treatment with chlorhexidinea
Test bacterium MIC (μg/ml) MBC (μg/ml) Before exposure P10 X10 Before exposure P10 X10 Bacillus cereus 14.5 14.5 14.5 29 232 116 Burkholderia cepacia 3.6 29 7.3 26.6 (6) 232 116 Chryseobacterium indologenes 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 14.5 7.3 Corynebacterium xerosis 3.3 (1) 3.6 3.6 21.8 (8) 14.5 14.5 Enterococcus faecalis 3.6 24.2 (8) 3.6 26.6 (6) 58 29 Escherichia coli 6.7 (1) 7.3 7.3 13.3 (3) 29 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae 2.1 (1) 14.5 14.5 16.3 (5) 58 116 Micrococcus luteus 3.6 3.6 3.6 14.5 7.3 14.5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7.3 14.5 7.3 14.5 29 14.5 Serratia marcescens 12.1 (4) 116 58 24.2 (7) 232 116 Staphylococcus aureus 8.5 (4) 3.6 3.6 13.3 (4) 58 29 Staphylococcus capitis 3.6 6 (2) 7.3 14.5 14.5 29 Staphylococcus caprae 3.6 3.6 7.3 29 29 29 Staphylococcus epidermidis 13.3 (3) 9.7 (4) 14.5 33.8 (12) 24.2(8) 29 Staphylococcus haemolyticus 1.4 (0.4) 3 (1) 1.8 4.2(1) 14.5 7.3 Staphylococcus lugdunensis 0.9 3.6 4.8 (2) 1.7 (0.3) 48.3 (17) 58 Staphylococcus warneri 29 29 29 58 58 58 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 4.8 (2) 29 29 14.5 58 58 ↵a See Table 1 footnote for explanation of data.
- TABLE 3
MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations of bacteria before and after treatment with polyhexamethylene biguanidea
Test bacterium MIC (μg/ml) MBC (μg/ml) Before exposure P10 X10 Before exposure P10 X10 Bacillus cereus 58 29 58 58 58 58 Burkholderia cepacia 58 58 29 116 58 58 Chryseobacterium indologenes 0.9 3.6 1.8 1.8 14.5 7.3 Corynebacterium xerosis 2.7 (1) 7.3 2.2 (0.4) 21.8 (8) 7.3 14.5 Enterococcus faecalis 1.8 14.5 9.7 7.3 29 7.3 Escherichia coli 13.3 (3) 24.2 (8) 7.3 26.6 (6) 58 14.5 Klebsiella pneumoniae 7.3 29 9.7 (4) 29 96.7 (34) 58 Micrococcus luteus 1.8 7.3 1.8 7.3 14.5 7.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 31.3 (6) 58 29 116 232 116 Serratia marcescens 38.7 (15) 29 29 38.7 (15) 29 29 Staphylococcus aureus 7.3 7.3 7.3 52 (11) 58 58 Staphylococcus capitis 1.1 (0.3) 6 (2) 1.8 7.3 48.3 (17) 7.3 Staphylococcus caprae 6.7 (2) 4.9 (2) 7.3 29 38.7 (17) 29 Staphylococcus epidermidis 3 (1) 14.5 3.6 26.6 (6) 38.7 (17) 29 Staphylococcus haemolyticus 1.8 7.3 1.8 29 58 29 Staphylococcus lugdunensis 3.6 7.3 1.8 5.4 (2) 48.3 (17) 7.3 Staphylococcus warneri 3.6 6 (2) 3.6 29 58 29 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 3 (1) 3.6 3.6 29 29 29 ↵a See Table 1 footnote for explanation of data.
- TABLE 4
MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations of bacteria before and after treatment with triclosana
Test bacterium MIC (μg/ml) MBC (μg/ml) Before exposure P10 X10 Before exposure P10 X10 Bacillus cereus 7.3 29 7.3 58 116 58 Burkholderia cepacia 232 116 232 464 464 464 Chryseobacterium indologenes 0.9 3.6 0.9 3.6 7.3 3.6 Corynebacterium xerosis 7.3 58 7.3 7.3 58 7.3 Enterococcus faecalis 3.3 (1) 58 3.3 (1) 3.3 (1) 96.7 (34) 14.5 Escherichia coli 0.5 29 4.82 0.5 29 14.5 Klebsiella pneumoniae 0.9 116 14.5 29 116 14.5 Micrococcus luteus 7.3 12.1 (4) 3.63 7.3 14.5 7.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa NSb NS NS NS NS NS Serratia marcescens 232 116 232 232 464 232 Staphylococcus aureus 0.2 29 2.4 1.8 58 12.1 (4) Staphylococcus capitis 24.2 (8) 29 14.5 29 77.3 (33) 29 Staphylococcus caprae 12.3 (4) 29 14.5 24.2 (8) 58 29 Staphylococcus epidermidis 13.3(3) 38.7 (17) 14.5 53.2 (12) 116 58 Staphylococcus haemolyticus 0.4 29 0.4 7.3 58 7.3 Staphylococcus lugdunensis 0.9 29 0.9 7.3 58 7.3 Staphylococcus warneri 0.9 24.2 (8) 0.9 14.5 38.7 (17) 14.5 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 14.5 232 14.5 58 463 48.3 - TABLE 5
MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations of bacteria before and after treatment with apoEdpL-Wa
Test bacterium MIC (μg/ml) MBC (μg/ml) Before exposure P10 X10 Before exposure P10 X10 Bacillus cereus 14.5 29 29 58 58 58 Burkholderia cepacia 29 29 29 58 58 58 Chryseobacterium indologenes 1.4 (0.4) 14.5 3.63 3 (1) 14.5 14.5 Corynebacterium xerosis 14.5 29 14.5 29 24.2 (8) 29 Enterococcus faecalis 7.3 29 29 7.3 232 58 Escherichia coli 58 29 29 58 96.7 29 Klebsiella pneumoniae 7.3 29 7.3 7.3 29 12.1 (4) Micrococcus luteus 7.3 12.1 (4) 7.3 14.5 29 29 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14.5 48.3 (17) 14.5 58 119.3 58 Serratia marcescens 232 464 232 464 464 464 Staphylococcus aureus 7.3 3.6 7.3 14.5 29 14.5 Staphylococcus capitis 13.3 (3) 24.2 (8) 14.5 29 9.8 29 Staphylococcus caprae 0.9 19.3 (8) 3.6 3.6 29 7.3 Staphylococcus epidermidis 0.9 7.3 3.6 4.2 58 58 Staphylococcus haemolyticus 1.3 (1) 3.6 3.6 3.6 29 38.7 (8) Staphylococcus lugdunensis 7.3 3.6 1.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 Staphylococcus warneri 1.8 3.6 0.9 1.8 19.3 (8) 14.5 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 14.5 7.3 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 ↵a See Table 1 footnote for explanation of data.
