Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Recovered from the Environment of a Swine Farrow-to-Finish Operation in the United States

Dixie F. Mollenkopf; Jason W. Stull; Dimitria A. Mathys; Andrew S. Bowman; Sydnee M. Feicht; Susan V. Grooters; Joshua B. Daniels; Thomas E. Wittum

doi:10.1128/AAC.01298-16

DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01298-16

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FIG 1
Map of functional genes and truncated open reading frames (*) on an IncQ1 plasmid (GenBank accession no. KY126032) present in multiple bacterial species isolated from the environment of a piglet nursery barn at a U.S. swine operation. The replication (rep), mobilization (mob), integration, and antibiotic resistance genes are depicted.

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TABLE 1

Conjugative plasmid content of 18 environmental isolates harboring bla_IMP-27 on an IncQ1 plasmid recovered from the nursery and farrowing barns of a single swine production system

Isolate	Recovery date	Location	Barn	Sample type	Species	Conjugative plasmid content
13-19A	7/25/2015	Floor	Nursery room A	Gauze sponge	Escherichia coli^a	IncX, IncI1, IncF
13-19B	7/25/2016	Floor	Nursery room A	Gauze sponge	Proteus mirabilis
13-28A	7/25/2017	Pen gate	Nursery room A	Gauze sponge	Escherichia coli^a	IncX, IncI1, IncF
S4-A	10/2/2015	Crate floor mats	Farrowing room A	Electrostatic cloth	Morganella morganii
S4-B	10/2/2015	Crate floor mats	Farrowing room A	Electrostatic cloth	Providencia rettgeri
S5-A	10/2/2015	Sow feeders	Farrowing room A	Electrostatic cloth	Proteus vulgaris	IncP
S8-A	10/2/2015	Crate bars	Farrowing room A	Electrostatic cloth	Enterobacter cancerogenus	IncP
S8-B	10/2/2015	Crate bars	Farrowing room A	Electrostatic cloth	Citrobacter braakii	IncP, IncW
S11	10/2/2015	Exhaust vent cover	Farrowing Rm A	Electrostatic cloth	Enterobacter cloacae	IncP
S13-A	10/2/2015	Crate dividers	Farrowing room B	Electrostatic cloth	Citrobacter sp.	IncP, IncI1
S13-B	10/2/2015	Crate dividers	Farrowing room B	Electrostatic cloth	Enterobacter cancerogenus	IncP
S14	10/2/2015	Crate dividers	Farrowing room B	Electrostatic cloth	Citrobacter farmeri	IncP
S15-A	10/2/2015	Crate floor mats	Farrowing room B	Electrostatic cloth	Citrobacter koseri	IncP
S15-B	10/2/2015	Crate floor mats	Farrowing room B	Electrostatic cloth	Morganella morganii
S17	10/2/2015	Sow feeders	Farrowing room B	Electrostatic cloth	Citrobacter farmeri	IncP
S18	10/2/2015	Sow feeders	Farrowing room B	Electrostatic cloth	Klebsiella oxytoca
S19	10/2/2015	Crate bars	Farrowing room B	Electrostatic cloth	Citrobacter koseri	IncP
S23	10/2/2015	Exhaust vent cover	Farrowing room B	Electrostatic cloth	Escherichia coli^a	IncX, IncI1, IncF, IncW

↵a Escherichia coli isolates from the nursery barn floor and pen gate were sequence type 218, while the E. coli isolate from the farrowing room exhaust fan was sequence type 101.

TABLE 2

MICs of 24 antimicrobials for 18 bla_IMP-harboring environmental isolates recovered from nursery and farrowing barns of a single swine production system^a

Isolate	MIC (μg/ml)
Isolate	AMC	AMP	AZM	CFZ	FEP	CTX	FOX	CPD	CAZ	CTF	CRO	CHL	CIP	GEN	IPM	MEM	NAL	TZP	STR	SFZ	TXC	TZC	TET	SXT
13-19A	>32	>32	8	>16	16	64	>64	>32	128	>8	>64	8	≤1	>16	≤0.5	4	4	8	>64	>256	64	128	≤4	0.25
13-19B	16	>32	>16	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	8	>8	>64	4	≤1	≤4	4	8	4	≤	8	>256	64	8	32	>4
13-28A	>32	>32	8	>16	16	64	>64	>32	128	>8	>64	8	≤1	>16	≤0.5	4	4	8	>64	>256	64	128	≤4	0.25
S4-A	>32	>32	>16	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	8	>8	>64	16	≤1	≤4	4	4	4	≤4	>64	>256	>64	16	>32	0.5
S4-B	4	≤8	>16	>16	2	16	>64	16	8	>8	16	16	≤1	4	4	8	2	≤4	8	>256	16	4	32	1
S5-A	8	>32	>16	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	32	>8	>64	4	≤1	≤4	4	8	4	≤4	8	>256	>64	32	>32	>4
S8-A	8	8	8	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	128	>8	>64	16	≤1	≤4	≤0.5	8	4	≤4	≤2	>256	64	64	>32	0.5
S8-B	>32	>32	8	>16	16	>64	>64	>32	64	>8	>64	8	≤1	≤4	1	8	4	≤4	>64	>256	>64	32	>32	≤0.12
S11	>32	>32	>16	>16	8	64	>64	>32	32	>8	>64	8	≤1	≤4	≤0.5	4	4	≤4	64	>256	64	32	>32	>4
S13-A	>32	>32	8	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	>128	>8	>64	8	≤1	≤4	≤0.5	8	4	64	≤2	>256	>64	>128	>32	0.5
S13-B	8	16	8	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	128	>8	>64	16	≤1	≤4	≤0.5	8	4	≤4	≤2	>256	>64	128	>32	0.5
S14	8	8	8	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	64	>8	>64	16	≤1	≤4	≤0.5	8	4	≤4	≤2	>256	64	64	>32	0.25
S15-A	16	8	8	>16	16	>64	>64	>32	64	>8	>64	16	≤1	≤4	≤0.5	8	4	≤4	≤2	>256	64	64	>32	0.5
S15-B	>32	>32	>16	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	16	>8	>64	32	≤1	≤4	4	4	4	≤4	16	>256	>64	16	>32	0.5
S17	8	16	8	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	64	>8	>64	16	≤1	≤4	1	8	4	≤4	≤2	>256	64	64	>32	0.5
S18	8	32	8	>16	4	32	>64	>32	32	>8	64	4	≤1	≤4	≤0.5	2	1	≤4	>64	>256	32	32	>32	≤0.12
S19	16	16	8	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	64	>8	>64	16	≤1	≤4	≤0.5	8	4	≤4	≤2	>256	64	64	>32	0.5
S23	>32	>32	2	>16	>16	>64	>64	>32	128	>8	>64	4	≤1	≤4	≤0.5	8	2	≤4	8	>256	>64	64	>32	≤0.12

↵a Antimicrobials tested and resistance MIC cutoff values (R, in micrograms per milliliter) when determined: AMC, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (2:1 ratio), R ≥ 32; AMP, ampicillin, R ≥ 32; AZM, azithromycin, R >16; CFZ, cefazolin, R ≥ 8; FEP, cefepime, R ≥ 32; CTX, cefotaxime, R ≥ 4; FOX, cefoxitin, R ≥ 32; CPD, cefpodoxime, R ≥ 8; CAZ, ceftazidime, R ≥ 16; CTF, ceftiofur, R ≥ 8; CRO, ceftriaxone, R ≥ 4; CHL, chloramphenicol, R ≥ 32; CIP, ciprofloxacin, R ≥ 4; GEN, gentamicin, R ≥ 16; IPM, imipenem, R ≥ 4; MEM, meropenem, R ≥ 4; NAL, nalidixic acid, R ≥ 32; TZP, piperacillin/tazobactam), R ≥ 128/4; STR, streptomycin, R ≥ 64; SFZ, sulfisoxazole, R >256; TXC, cefotaxime-clavulanic acid; TZC, ceftazidime- clavulanic acid; TET, tetracycline, R ≥ 16; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, R ≥ 4/76. Isolate-antibiotic combinations that demonstrated resistance are shown in boldface.