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Epidemiology and Surveillance

Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Recovered from the Environment of a Swine Farrow-to-Finish Operation in the United States

Dixie F. Mollenkopf, Jason W. Stull, Dimitria A. Mathys, Andrew S. Bowman, Sydnee M. Feicht, Susan V. Grooters, Joshua B. Daniels, Thomas E. Wittum
Dixie F. Mollenkopf
aDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Jason W. Stull
aDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Dimitria A. Mathys
aDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Andrew S. Bowman
aDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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  • ORCID record for Andrew S. Bowman
Sydnee M. Feicht
aDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Susan V. Grooters
aDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Joshua B. Daniels
bDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Thomas E. Wittum
aDepartment of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01298-16
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    FIG 1

    Map of functional genes and truncated open reading frames (*) on an IncQ1 plasmid (GenBank accession no. KY126032 ) present in multiple bacterial species isolated from the environment of a piglet nursery barn at a U.S. swine operation. The replication (rep), mobilization (mob), integration, and antibiotic resistance genes are depicted.

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  • TABLE 1

    Conjugative plasmid content of 18 environmental isolates harboring blaIMP-27 on an IncQ1 plasmid recovered from the nursery and farrowing barns of a single swine production system

    IsolateRecovery dateLocationBarnSample typeSpeciesConjugative plasmid content
    13-19A7/25/2015FloorNursery room AGauze sponge Escherichia coli a IncX, IncI1, IncF
    13-19B7/25/2016FloorNursery room AGauze sponge Proteus mirabilis
    13-28A7/25/2017Pen gateNursery room AGauze sponge Escherichia coli a IncX, IncI1, IncF
    S4-A10/2/2015Crate floor matsFarrowing room AElectrostatic cloth Morganella morganii
    S4-B10/2/2015Crate floor matsFarrowing room AElectrostatic cloth Providencia rettgeri
    S5-A10/2/2015Sow feedersFarrowing room AElectrostatic cloth Proteus vulgaris IncP
    S8-A10/2/2015Crate barsFarrowing room AElectrostatic cloth Enterobacter cancerogenus IncP
    S8-B10/2/2015Crate barsFarrowing room AElectrostatic cloth Citrobacter braakii IncP, IncW
    S1110/2/2015Exhaust vent coverFarrowing Rm AElectrostatic cloth Enterobacter cloacae IncP
    S13-A10/2/2015Crate dividersFarrowing room BElectrostatic cloth Citrobacter sp.IncP, IncI1
    S13-B10/2/2015Crate dividersFarrowing room BElectrostatic cloth Enterobacter cancerogenus IncP
    S1410/2/2015Crate dividersFarrowing room BElectrostatic cloth Citrobacter farmeri IncP
    S15-A10/2/2015Crate floor matsFarrowing room BElectrostatic cloth Citrobacter koseri IncP
    S15-B10/2/2015Crate floor matsFarrowing room BElectrostatic cloth Morganella morganii
    S1710/2/2015Sow feedersFarrowing room BElectrostatic cloth Citrobacter farmeri IncP
    S1810/2/2015Sow feedersFarrowing room BElectrostatic cloth Klebsiella oxytoca
    S1910/2/2015Crate barsFarrowing room BElectrostatic cloth Citrobacter koseri IncP
    S2310/2/2015Exhaust vent coverFarrowing room BElectrostatic cloth Escherichia coli a IncX, IncI1, IncF, IncW
    • ↵a Escherichia coli isolates from the nursery barn floor and pen gate were sequence type 218, while the E. coli isolate from the farrowing room exhaust fan was sequence type 101.

  • TABLE 2

    MICs of 24 antimicrobials for 18 blaIMP-harboring environmental isolates recovered from nursery and farrowing barns of a single swine production systema

    IsolateMIC (μg/ml)
    AMCAMPAZMCFZFEPCTXFOXCPDCAZCTFCROCHLCIPGENIPMMEMNALTZPSTRSFZTXCTZCTETSXT
    13-19A >32 >32 8 >16 16 64 >64 >32 128 >8 >64 8≤1>16≤0.5 4 48 >64 >256 64128≤40.25
    13-19B16 >32 >16 >16 >16 >64 >64 >328 >8 >64 4≤1≤4 4 8 4≤8 >256 648 32 >4
    13-28A >32 >32 8 >16 16 64 >64 >32 128 >8 >64 8≤1>16≤0.5 4 48 >64 >256 64128≤40.25
    S4-A >32 >32 >16 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 8 >8 >64 16≤1≤4 4 4 4≤4 >64 >256 >6416 >32 0.5
    S4-B4≤8 >16 >16 2 16 >64 16 8 >8 16 16≤14 4 8 2≤48 >256 164 32 1
    S5-A8 >32 >16 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 32 >8 >64 4≤1≤4 4 8 4≤48 >256 >6432 >32 >4
    S8-A888 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 128 >8 >64 16≤1≤4≤0.5 8 4≤4≤2 >256 6464 >32 0.5
    S8-B >32 >32 8 >16 16 >64 >64 >32 64 >8 >64 8≤1≤41 8 4≤4 >64 >256 >6432 >32 ≤0.12
    S11 >32 >32 >16 >16 8 64 >64 >32 32 >8 >64 8≤1≤4≤0.5 4 4≤4 64 >256 6432 >32 >4
    S13-A >32 >32 8 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 >128 >8 >64 8≤1≤4≤0.5 8 464≤2 >256 >64 >128 >32 0.5
    S13-B8168 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 128 >8 >64 16≤1≤4≤0.5 8 4≤4≤2 >256 >64128 >32 0.5
    S14888 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 64 >8 >64 16≤1≤4≤0.5 8 4≤4≤2 >256 6464 >32 0.25
    S15-A1688 >16 16 >64 >64 >32 64 >8 >64 16≤1≤4≤0.5 8 4≤4≤2 >256 6464 >32 0.5
    S15-B >32 >32 >16 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 16 >8 >64 32≤1≤4 4 4 4≤416 >256 >6416 >32 0.5
    S178168 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 64 >8 >64 16≤1≤41 8 4≤4≤2 >256 6464 >32 0.5
    S188 32 8 >16 4 32 >64 >32 32 >8 64 4≤1≤4≤0.521≤4 >64 >256 3232 >32 ≤0.12
    S1916168 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 64 >8 >64 16≤1≤4≤0.5 8 4≤4≤2 >256 6464 >32 0.5
    S23 >32 >32 2 >16 >16 >64 >64 >32 128 >8 >64 4≤1≤4≤0.5 8 2≤48 >256 >6464 >32 ≤0.12
    • ↵a Antimicrobials tested and resistance MIC cutoff values (R, in micrograms per milliliter) when determined: AMC, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (2:1 ratio), R ≥ 32; AMP, ampicillin, R ≥ 32; AZM, azithromycin, R >16; CFZ, cefazolin, R ≥ 8; FEP, cefepime, R ≥ 32; CTX, cefotaxime, R ≥ 4; FOX, cefoxitin, R ≥ 32; CPD, cefpodoxime, R ≥ 8; CAZ, ceftazidime, R ≥ 16; CTF, ceftiofur, R ≥ 8; CRO, ceftriaxone, R ≥ 4; CHL, chloramphenicol, R ≥ 32; CIP, ciprofloxacin, R ≥ 4; GEN, gentamicin, R ≥ 16; IPM, imipenem, R ≥ 4; MEM, meropenem, R ≥ 4; NAL, nalidixic acid, R ≥ 32; TZP, piperacillin/tazobactam), R ≥ 128/4; STR, streptomycin, R ≥ 64; SFZ, sulfisoxazole, R >256; TXC, cefotaxime-clavulanic acid; TZC, ceftazidime- clavulanic acid; TET, tetracycline, R ≥ 16; SXT, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, R ≥ 4/76. Isolate-antibiotic combinations that demonstrated resistance are shown in boldface.

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Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Recovered from the Environment of a Swine Farrow-to-Finish Operation in the United States
Dixie F. Mollenkopf, Jason W. Stull, Dimitria A. Mathys, Andrew S. Bowman, Sydnee M. Feicht, Susan V. Grooters, Joshua B. Daniels, Thomas E. Wittum
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Jan 2017, 61 (2) e01298-16; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01298-16

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Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Recovered from the Environment of a Swine Farrow-to-Finish Operation in the United States
Dixie F. Mollenkopf, Jason W. Stull, Dimitria A. Mathys, Andrew S. Bowman, Sydnee M. Feicht, Susan V. Grooters, Joshua B. Daniels, Thomas E. Wittum
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Jan 2017, 61 (2) e01298-16; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01298-16
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KEYWORDS

Bacterial Proteins
Enterobacteriaceae
beta-lactamases
carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
IMP-27
livestock
plasmid-mediated resistance

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