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chlorhexidine

  • Effect of Exposure to Chlorhexidine Residues at “During Use” Concentrations on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile, Efflux, Conjugative Plasmid Transfer, and Metabolism of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span>
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    Effect of Exposure to Chlorhexidine Residues at “During Use” Concentrations on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile, Efflux, Conjugative Plasmid Transfer, and Metabolism of Escherichia coli

    There is no standardized protocol to predict the concentration levels of microbicides that are left on surfaces as a result of the use of these products, and there is no standardized method to predict the potential risk that such levels pose to emerging antibacterial resistance. The ability to distinguish between selection and adaption processes for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and the impact of different concentrations of...

    R. Wesgate, S. Fanning, Y. Hu, J.-Y. Maillard
  • The Transcriptional Repressor SmvR Is Important for Decreased Chlorhexidine Susceptibility in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Enterobacter cloacae</span> Complex
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    The Transcriptional Repressor SmvR Is Important for Decreased Chlorhexidine Susceptibility in Enterobacter cloacae Complex

    Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) efflux pumps have been shown to be important for bacterial cells to cope with biocides such as chlorhexidine (CHX), a widely used molecule in hospital settings. In this work, we evaluated the role of two genes, smvA and smvR, in CHX resistance in Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC). smvA encodes an MFS pump...

    François Guérin, François Gravey, Patrick Plésiat, Marion Aubourg, Racha Beyrouthy, Richard Bonnet, Vincent Cattoir, Jean-Christophe Giard
  • Open Access
    Derepression of the <em>smvA</em> Efflux System Arises in Clinical Isolates of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Proteus mirabilis</span> and Reduces Susceptibility to Chlorhexidine and Other Biocides
    Susceptibility
    Derepression of the smvA Efflux System Arises in Clinical Isolates of Proteus mirabilis and Reduces Susceptibility to Chlorhexidine and Other Biocides

    Proteus mirabilis is a common pathogen of the catheterized urinary tract and often described as intrinsically resistant to the biocide chlorhexidine (CHD). Here, we demonstrate that derepression of the smvA efflux system has occurred in clinical isolates of P. mirabilis and reduces...

    H. Pelling, L. J. Bock, J. Nzakizwanayo, M. E. Wand, E. L. Denham, W. M. MacFarlane, J. M. Sutton, B. V. Jones
  • Spontaneously Arising <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Streptococcus mutans</span> Variants with Reduced Susceptibility to Chlorhexidine Display Genetic Defects and Diminished Fitness
    Mechanisms of Action: Physiological Effects
    Spontaneously Arising Streptococcus mutans Variants with Reduced Susceptibility to Chlorhexidine Display Genetic Defects and Diminished Fitness

    Chlorhexidine (CHX) has been used to control dental caries caused by acid-tolerant bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans since the 1970s. Repeat CHX exposure for other bacterial species results in the development of variants with reduced susceptibility that also become more resistant to other antimicrobials.

    Justin R. Kaspar, Matthew J. Godwin, Irina M. Velsko, Vincent P. Richards, Robert A. Burne
  • A Novel, Widespread <em>qacA</em> Allele Results in Reduced Chlorhexidine Susceptibility in <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em>
    Editor's Pick Mechanisms of Resistance
    A Novel, Widespread qacA Allele Results in Reduced Chlorhexidine Susceptibility in Staphylococcus epidermidis

    Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) is a topical antiseptic widely used in health care settings. In Staphylococcus spp., the pump QacA effluxes CHG, while the closely related QacB cannot due to a single amino acid substitution.

    Amin Addetia, Alexander L. Greninger, Amanda Adler, Shuhua Yuan, Negar Makhsous, Xuan Qin, Danielle M. Zerr
  • Open Access
    Remodeling of pSK1 Family Plasmids and Enhanced Chlorhexidine Tolerance in a Dominant Hospital Lineage of Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>
    Editor's Pick Mechanisms of Resistance
    Remodeling of pSK1 Family Plasmids and Enhanced Chlorhexidine Tolerance in a Dominant Hospital Lineage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

    Staphylococcus aureus is a significant human pathogen whose evolution and adaptation have been shaped in part by mobile genetic elements (MGEs), facilitating the global spread of extensive antimicrobial resistance. However, our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics surrounding MGEs, in particular, how changes in the structure of multidrug resistance (MDR)...

    Sarah L. Baines, Slade O. Jensen, Neville Firth, Anders Gonçalves da Silva, Torsten Seemann, Glen P. Carter, Deborah A. Williamson, Benjamin P. Howden, Timothy P. Stinear
  • Assessment of the Potential for Inducing Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Organisms from Exposure to Minocycline, Rifampin, and Chlorhexidine Used To Treat Intravascular Devices
    Susceptibility
    Assessment of the Potential for Inducing Resistance in Multidrug-Resistant Organisms from Exposure to Minocycline, Rifampin, and Chlorhexidine Used To Treat Intravascular Devices

    To assess the potential for the induction of antimicrobial resistance following repeated subinhibitory exposures to the combination minocycline (MIN), rifampin (RIF), and chlorhexidine (CHX), a total of 29 clinical microbial pathogenic isolates were repeatedly exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of MIN, RIF, and CHX for 20 passages. MICs of the MIN, RIF, and CHX combination were assessed at each passage to evaluate the potential for...

    Joel Rosenblatt, Nylev Vargas-Cruz, Ruth A. Reitzel, Issam I. Raad
  • Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of <em>qacA</em>- and <em>qacB</em>-Positive Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> Causing Bloodstream Infections
    Epidemiology and Surveillance
    Clinical and Molecular Characteristics of qacA- and qacB-Positive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Causing Bloodstream Infections

    The increasing use of chlorhexidine for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) decolonization has raised concerns about the emergence of resistance to these agents. However, the clinical significance of MRSA positive for the qacA and qacB chlorhexidine tolerance genes has not been established.

    Sun In Hong, Yu-Mi Lee, Ki-Ho Park, Byung-Han Ryu, Kyung-Wook Hong, Sunjoo Kim, In-Gyu Bae, Oh-Hyun Cho
  • Open Access
    Mechanisms of Resistance
    EfrEF and the Transcription Regulator ChlR Are Required for Chlorhexidine Stress Response in Enterococcus faecalis V583
    Farry J. Li, Kelli L. Palmer
  • Open Access
    Mechanisms of Action: Physiological Effects
    Relationship between Tolerance and Persistence Mechanisms in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains with AbkAB Toxin-Antitoxin System
    Laura Fernández-García, Felipe Fernandez-Cuenca, Lucía Blasco, Rafael López-Rojas, Anton Ambroa, María Lopez, Álvaro Pascual, Germán Bou, María Tomás

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