HIV-1
Antiviral AgentsRapid-Release Griffithsin Fibers for Dual Prevention of HSV-2 and HIV-1 InfectionsThe biologic griffithsin (GRFT) has recently emerged as a candidate to safely prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). However, to date, there are few delivery platforms that are available to effectively deliver biologics to the female reproductive tract (FRT). The goal of this work was to evaluate rapid-release polyethylene oxide (PEO),...
Antiviral AgentsThiostrepton Reactivates Latent HIV-1 through the p-TEFb and NF-κB Pathways Mediated by Heat Shock ResponseAntiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 replication but fails to cure the infection. The presence of an extremely stable viral latent reservoir, primarily in resting memory CD4+ T cells, remains a major obstacle to viral eradication. The “shock and kill” strategy targets these latently infected cells and boosts immune recognition and clearance, and thus, it is a promising approach for an HIV-1 functional cure. Although...
Antiviral AgentsAntiviral Activity of Tenofovir Alafenamide against HIV-1 with Thymidine Analog-Associated Mutations and M184VTenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are prodrugs of the HIV-1 nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir (TFV). In vivo, TAF achieves >4-fold-higher intracellular levels of TFV diphosphate (TFV-DP) compared to TDF. Since thymidine analog-associated mutations (TAMs) in HIV-1 confer reduced TFV susceptibility, patients with TAM-containing HIV-1 may benefit from higher TFV-DP levels...
Antiviral AgentsReciprocal Modulation of Antiretroviral Drug and Steroid Receptor Function In VitroMillions of women are exposed simultaneously to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) and progestin-based hormonal contraceptives. Yet the reciprocal modulation by ARVs and progestins of their intracellular functions is relatively unexplored.
Antiviral AgentsDoravirine Exposure and HIV-1 Suppression after Switching from an Efavirenz-Based Regimen to Doravirine-Lamivudine-Tenofovir Disoproxil FumarateDoravirine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of HIV-1. In a phase 1 trial, doravirine exposure was transiently decreased when treatment was started immediately after the cessation of efavirenz treatment.
Antiviral AgentsAn Evolutionary Model-Based Approach To Quantify the Genetic Barrier to Drug Resistance in Fast-Evolving Viruses and Its Application to HIV-1 Subtypes and Integrase InhibitorsViral pathogens causing global disease burdens are often characterized by high rates of evolutionary changes. The extensive viral diversity at baseline can shorten the time to escape from therapeutic or immune selective pressure and alter mutational pathways. The impact of genotypic background on the barrier to resistance can be difficult to capture, particularly for agents in experimental stages or that are recently approved or...
Antiviral AgentsNovel Central Nervous System (CNS)-Targeting Protease Inhibitors for Drug-Resistant HIV Infection and HIV-Associated CNS ComplicationsThere is currently no specific therapeutics for the HIV-1-related central nervous system (CNS) complications. Here we report that three newly designed CNS-targeting HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs), GRL-083-13, GRL-084-13, and GRL-087-13, which contain a P1-3,5-bis-fluorophenyl or P1-para-monofluorophenyl ring, and P2-bis-tetrahydrofuran (bis-THF) or P2-tetrahydropyrano-tetrahydrofuran (Tp-THF...
Antiviral AgentsHalogen Bond Interactions of Novel HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors (PI) (GRL-001-15 and GRL-003-15) with the Flap of Protease Are Critical for Their Potent Activity against Wild-Type HIV-1 and Multi-PI-Resistant VariantsWe generated two novel nonpeptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs), GRL-001-15 and GRL-003-15, which contain unique crown-like tetrahydropyranofuran (Crn-THF) and P2′-cyclopropyl-aminobenzothiazole (Cp-Abt) moieties as P2 and P2′ ligands, respectively. GRL-001-15 and GRL-003-15 have meta-monofluorophenyl and para-monofluorophenyl at the P1 site, respectively, exert highly potent activity against wild-type HIV-1 with 50...
- Antiviral AgentsHIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors That Are Broadly Effective against Drug-Resistant Mutants
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) have emerged as clinically effective therapeutics that inhibit HIV-1 replication by blocking the strand transfer reaction catalyzed by HIV-1 integrase (IN). Of the three FDA-approved INSTIs, dolutegravir (DTG) is the least apt to select for resistance.