pharmacokinetics
PharmacologyPreclinical Development of Inhalable d-Cycloserine and Ethionamide To Overcome Pharmacokinetic Interaction and Enhance Efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosisWe compared the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a combination of d-cycloserine (DCS) and ethionamide (ETO) via oral and inhalation routes in mice. The plasma half-life (t1/2) of oral ETO at a human-equivalent dose decreased from 4.63 ± 0.61 h to 1.64 ± 0.40 h when DCS was coadministered.
PharmacologyPulmonary Pharmacokinetics of Oseltamivir Carboxylate in Rats after Nebulization or Intravenous Administration of Its Prodrug, Oseltamivir PhosphateThe aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir phosphate, a prodrug, and its active moiety in plasma and lung after its nebulization and intravenous administration in rats. Only 2% of prodrug was converted into active moiety presystematically, attesting to a low advantage of oseltamivir phosphate nebulization, suggesting that oseltamivir phosphate nebulization is not a good option to obtain a high exposure...
Clinical TherapeuticsPharmacokinetics of Caspofungin in Critically Ill Patients in Relation to Liver Dysfunction: Differential Impact of Plasma Albumin and Bilirubin LevelsCaspofungin has a liver-dependent metabolism. Reduction of the dose is recommended based on Child-Pugh (C-P) score.
Clinical TherapeuticsPharmacokinetics of Levofloxacin in Children Treated for Exposure to Drug-Resistant TuberculosisLevofloxacin is used to treat and prevent drug-resistant tuberculosis in children. We assessed levofloxacin serum drug concentrations in 24 children aged 2 to 10 years who received levofloxacin-based tuberculosis preventive therapy in Karachi, Pakistan.
PharmacologyEvaluation of Saliva as a Potential Alternative Sampling Matrix for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Levofloxacin in Patients with Multidrug-Resistant TuberculosisSaliva may be a useful alternative matrix for monitoring levofloxacin concentrations in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the correlation between plasma and salivary levofloxacin (Lfx) concentrations in MDR-TB patients and (ii) to gauge the possibility of using saliva as an alternative sampling matrix for therapeutic drug monitoring of Lfx in areas where TB is endemic...
PharmacologyRevising Pediatric Vancomycin Dosing Accounting for Nephrotoxicity in a Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic ModelThis study aimed to suggest an initial pediatric vancomycin dose regimen through population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. A population pharmacokinetic approach was used to analyze vancomycin concentration-time data from a large pediatric cohort.
Clinical TherapeuticsCycloserine Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Patients with TuberculosisLimited pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data exist on cycloserine in tuberculosis (TB) patients. We pooled several studies into a large PK data set to estimate the population PK parameters for cycloserine in TB patients.
Clinical TherapeuticsPharmacokinetics of Albendazole, Albendazole Sulfoxide, and Albendazole Sulfone Determined from Plasma, Blood, Dried-Blood Spots, and Mitra Samples of Hookworm-Infected AdolescentsAlbendazole is an effective anthelmintic intensively used for decades. However, profound pharmacokinetic (PK) characterization is missing in children, the population mostly affected by helminth infections.
Editor's Pick Experimental TherapeuticsOptimization of Methionyl tRNA-Synthetase Inhibitors for Treatment of Cryptosporidium InfectionCryptosporidiosis is one of the leading causes of moderate to severe diarrhea in children in low-resource settings. The therapeutic options for cryptosporidiosis are limited to one drug, nitazoxanide, which unfortunately has poor activity in the most needy populations of malnourished children and HIV-infected persons.
Clinical TherapeuticsPopulation Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Optimization of Linezolid in Pediatric PatientsLinezolid is a synthetic antibiotic very effective in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Although the clinical application of linezolid in children has increased progressively, data on linezolid pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients are very limited.