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pharmacokinetics

  • Human-Simulated Antimicrobial Regimens in Animal Models: Transparency and Validation Are Imperative
    Pharmacology
    Human-Simulated Antimicrobial Regimens in Animal Models: Transparency and Validation Are Imperative

    Animal infection models are invaluable in optimizing antimicrobial dosage in humans. Utilization of human-simulated regimens (HSRs) in animal models helps to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy at clinically achievable drug concentrations. To that end, pharmacokinetic studies in infected animals and confirmation of the HSR pharmacokinetic profile are essential in evaluating observed versus expected drug concentrations. We present and...

    Christian M. Gill, Tomefa E. Asempa, David P. Nicolau
  • Open Access
    Open-Label Crossover Oral Bioequivalence Pharmacokinetics Comparison for a 3-Day Loading Dose Regimen and 15-Day Steady-State Administration of SUBA-Itraconazole and Conventional Itraconazole Capsules in Healthy Adults
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Open-Label Crossover Oral Bioequivalence Pharmacokinetics Comparison for a 3-Day Loading Dose Regimen and 15-Day Steady-State Administration of SUBA-Itraconazole and Conventional Itraconazole Capsules in Healthy Adults

    Super bioavailability (SUBA) itraconazole (S-ITZ), which releases drug in the duodenum, and conventional itraconazole (C-ITZ), which releases drug in the stomach, were compared in two pharmacokinetic (PK) studies: a 3-day loading dose study and a 15-day steady-state administration study. These were crossover oral bioequivalence studies performed under fed conditions in healthy adult volunteers. In the loading dose study, C-ITZ (two...

    George R. Thompson, Phoebe Lewis, Stuart Mudge, Thomas F. Patterson, Bruce P. Burnett
  • Population Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin following Continuous Infusion in Critically Ill Patients and Impact of Renal Function on Target Attainment
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Population Pharmacokinetics of Piperacillin following Continuous Infusion in Critically Ill Patients and Impact of Renal Function on Target Attainment

    Pharmacokinetic changes are often seen in patients with severe infections. Administration by continuous infusion has been suggested to optimize antibiotic exposure and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment for β-lactams. In an observational study, unbound piperacillin concentrations (n = 196) were assessed in 78 critically ill patients following continuous infusion of piperacillin-tazobactam (ratio 8:1). The...

    Vibeke Klastrup, Anders Thorsted, Merete Storgaard, Steffen Christensen, Lena E. Friberg, Kristina Öbrink-Hansen
  • Open Access
    Phase 2a Pharmacokinetic, Safety, and Exploratory Efficacy Evaluation of Oral Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) in Female Participants with Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection (Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis)
    Clinical Therapeutics
    Phase 2a Pharmacokinetic, Safety, and Exploratory Efficacy Evaluation of Oral Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) in Female Participants with Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection (Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis)

    Gepotidacin, a triazaacenaphthylene bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitor, is in development for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection (uUTI). This phase 2a study in female participants with uUTI evaluated the pharmacokinetics (primary objective), safety, and exploratory efficacy of gepotidacin. Eligible participants (n = 22) were confined to the clinic at baseline, received oral gepotidacin at 1,500 mg twice...

    J. Scott Overcash, Courtney A. Tiffany, Nicole E. Scangarella-Oman, Caroline R. Perry, Yu Tao, Mohammad Hossain, Aline Barth, Etienne F. Dumont
  • Comparative Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Ceftriaxone and Ertapenem in Normoalbuminemia, Hypoalbuminemia, and Albumin Replacement in a Sheep Model
    Pharmacology
    Comparative Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Ceftriaxone and Ertapenem in Normoalbuminemia, Hypoalbuminemia, and Albumin Replacement in a Sheep Model

    Optimal concentrations of unbound antimicrobials are essential for a maximum microbiological effect. Although hypoalbuminemia and albumin fluid resuscitation are common in critical care, the effects of different albumin concentrations on the unbound concentrations of highly protein-bound antimicrobials are not known. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different albumin states on total and unbound concentrations of...

    Jayesh A. Dhanani, Benjamin Ahern, Liad Lupinsky, Karen Jackson, Steven C. Wallis, Mohd H. Abdul-Aziz, Jeffrey Lipman, Jason A. Roberts
  • Distribution of Linezolid in Tuberculosis Lesions in Patients with Spinal Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis
    Pharmacology
    Distribution of Linezolid in Tuberculosis Lesions in Patients with Spinal Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

    Linezolid has strong antimicrobial activity against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Little is known about the distribution of linezolid in tuberculosis (TB) lesions in patients with MDR-TB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of linezolid in TB lesions in patients with spinal MDR-TB. Nine patients with spinal MDR...

    Yuan Li, Weijie Dong, Tinglong Lan, Jun Fan, Shibing Qin, Ai Guo
  • Optimal Dose or Optimal Exposure? Consideration for Linezolid in Tuberculosis Treatment
    Letter to the Editor
    Optimal Dose or Optimal Exposure? Consideration for Linezolid in Tuberculosis Treatment
    Hannah Yejin Kim, Shashikant Srivastava, Hemanth Kumar AK, Ben J. Marais, Jan-Willem Alffenaar
  • Open Access
    Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Intravenous Durlobactam, a β-Lactamase Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects
    Pharmacology
    Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of Intravenous Durlobactam, a β-Lactamase Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects

    Durlobactam (DUR; also known as ETX2514) is a novel β-lactamase inhibitor with broad activity against Ambler class A, C, and D β-lactamases. Addition of DUR to sulbactam (SUL) in vitro restores SUL activity against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. The safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of DUR alone and with SUL and/or imipenem-cilastatin (IMI-CIL)...

    Jason D. Lickliter, Kenneth Lawrence, John O’Donnell, Robin Isaacs
  • Should <em>In Vitro</em> and <em>In Vivo</em> Studies on Antimicrobial Agents during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Comply with General Principles of Pharmacokinetics?
    Letter to the Editor
    Should In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on Antimicrobial Agents during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Comply with General Principles of Pharmacokinetics?
    Frédéric J. Baud, Pascal Houzé
  • Oral Fosfomycin Treatment for Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections in a Dynamic <em>In Vitro</em> Model
    Pharmacology
    Oral Fosfomycin Treatment for Enterococcal Urinary Tract Infections in a Dynamic In Vitro Model

    There are limited treatment options for enterococcal urinary tract infections, especially vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Oral fosfomycin is a potential option, although limited data are available guiding dosing and susceptibility. We undertook pharmacodynamic profiling of fosfomycin against E. faecalis and...

    Iain J. Abbott, Elke van Gorp, Aart van der Meijden, Rixt A. Wijma, Joseph Meletiadis, Jason A. Roberts, Johan W. Mouton, Anton Y. Peleg

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